Paper 2: Authoritarian Rule

1. Why did authoritarian rule emerge?

7 CHAPTERS WITH IB NOTES · 4 REGIONS

Europe

• The SuccessionTHE SOVIET UNION UNDER STALIN · CHAPTER 1 · 1924–1929
• The Great Turn: CollectivisationTHE SOVIET UNION UNDER STALIN · CHAPTER 2 · 1929–1933

When Stalin became General Secretary in April 1922, his colleagues regarded the job as administrative. Yet the Secretariat let him appoint local party secretaries, and those secretaries chose delegates to party congresses. Control over appointments could thus shape who voted at a congress.— The Soviet Union under Stalin, chapter 1: The Succession

The Americas

• Dessalines and the Making of HaitiTWO ROADS TO INDEPENDENCE · CHAPTER 5 · 1804–1820

At Gonaïves on 1 January 1804, Dessalines and his generals declared independence, renounced France for ever and gave the country the name Haiti. The new state was the first in the Americas founded by people who had freed themselves from slavery.— Two Roads to Independence, chapter 5: Dessalines and the Making of Haiti

Asia and Oceania

• Dismantling the Old OrderREMAKING THE STATE · CHAPTER 4 · 1868–1877
• Consolidating VictoryTHE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC UNDER MAO · CHAPTER 1 · 1949–1950
• Korea and the CampaignsTHE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC UNDER MAO · CHAPTER 2 · 1950–1953

The Charter Oath of 6 April 1868 promised assemblies and “all matters decided by public discussion”. It also called for the “base customs of the past” to be broken. That broad pledge gave the leaders grounds to invoke the oath for sweeping reform before any assembly met.— Remaking the State, chapter 4: Dismantling the Old Order

More than one region

• Two Transitions ComparedREMAKING THE STATE · EPILOGUE · 1999–2000

Japan’s leaders abolished the domains in August 1871, three years after the restoration. By the time they granted a constitution in 1889, they had built a national army, a tax system and industry: central authority came before political participation.— Remaking the State, chapter 12: Two Transitions Compared

2. How was it maintained?

19 CHAPTERS WITH IB NOTES · 3 REGIONS

Europe

• The Stagnant SuperpowerREMAKING THE STATE · CHAPTER 7 · 1964–1985
• The Five-Year PlansTHE SOVIET UNION UNDER STALIN · CHAPTER 4 · 1928–1941
• The GulagTHE SOVIET UNION UNDER STALIN · CHAPTER 5 · 1930–1953
• The Great TerrorTHE SOVIET UNION UNDER STALIN · CHAPTER 6 · 1936–1938
• Nations and DeportationsTHE SOVIET UNION UNDER STALIN · CHAPTER 7 · 1937–1944
• Propaganda and the CultTHE SOVIET UNION UNDER STALIN · CHAPTER 8 · 1929–1953
• Stalin at WarTHE SOVIET UNION UNDER STALIN · CHAPTER 10 · 1941–1945
• High StalinismTHE SOVIET UNION UNDER STALIN · CHAPTER 11 · 1945–1953

The Soviet economy had grown by adding workers, capital and cheap resources. As those additions became harder to sustain, growth slowed: CIA estimates prepared for Congress put it at about 5% a year in 1966–70 and under 2% in 1981–85.— Remaking the State, chapter 7: The Stagnant Superpower

Asia and Oceania

• The Closed CountryREMAKING THE STATE · CHAPTER 1 · 1600–1853
• Korea and the CampaignsTHE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC UNDER MAO · CHAPTER 2 · 1950–1953
• Tibet and the FrontiersTHE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC UNDER MAO · CHAPTER 3 · 1950–1959
• The Soviet ModelTHE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC UNDER MAO · CHAPTER 4 · 1953–1957
• A Hundred FlowersTHE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC UNDER MAO · CHAPTER 5 · 1956–1957
• Retreat and RecoveryTHE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC UNDER MAO · CHAPTER 8 · 1961–1965
• The Cultural RevolutionTHE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC UNDER MAO · CHAPTER 9 · 1966–1968
• From Soviet Ally to NixonTHE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC UNDER MAO · CHAPTER 11 · 1960–1972

The shogun and his direct retainers held lands producing only about a quarter of Japan’s assessed rice harvest. The remaining authority was divided among some 260 lords, or daimyo, who kept their own samurai, taxes and courts. There was no national army or national tax.— Remaking the State, chapter 1: The Closed Country

Africa and the Middle East

• Challenges after IndependenceTWO ROADS TO INDEPENDENCE · CHAPTER 11 · 1963–1978
• Bourguiba’s TunisiaPROTEST AND CHANGE · CHAPTER 7 · 1956–1987
• Ben Ali: Stability and SilencePROTEST AND CHANGE · CHAPTER 8 · 1987–2010

The Million-Acre Scheme began in 1962. Using British loans, the government bought just over a million acres from about 780 European farmers and, by 1971, had settled some 35,000 families.— Two Roads to Independence, chapter 11: Challenges after Independence

3. How did it affect people’s lives?

13 CHAPTERS WITH IB NOTES · 2 REGIONS

Europe

• The Great Turn: CollectivisationTHE SOVIET UNION UNDER STALIN · CHAPTER 2 · 1929–1933
• The FaminesTHE SOVIET UNION UNDER STALIN · CHAPTER 3 · 1930–1933
• The Five-Year PlansTHE SOVIET UNION UNDER STALIN · CHAPTER 4 · 1928–1941
• The GulagTHE SOVIET UNION UNDER STALIN · CHAPTER 5 · 1930–1953
• Nations and DeportationsTHE SOVIET UNION UNDER STALIN · CHAPTER 7 · 1937–1944
• Daily Life, Women and FamilyTHE SOVIET UNION UNDER STALIN · CHAPTER 9 · 1930–1953
• Stalin at WarTHE SOVIET UNION UNDER STALIN · CHAPTER 10 · 1941–1945

Stalin blamed local officials for “excesses” in “Dizzy with Success”, published in Pravda on 2 March 1930. Within weeks, millions of peasants left collective farms. Their departure revealed how little of the drive had been voluntary.— The Soviet Union under Stalin, chapter 2: The Great Turn: Collectivisation

Asia and Oceania

• Consolidating VictoryTHE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC UNDER MAO · CHAPTER 1 · 1949–1950
• The Soviet ModelTHE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC UNDER MAO · CHAPTER 4 · 1953–1957
• The Great Leap ForwardTHE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC UNDER MAO · CHAPTER 6 · 1958–1960
• The Great FamineTHE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC UNDER MAO · CHAPTER 7 · 1959–1961
• The Cultural RevolutionTHE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC UNDER MAO · CHAPTER 9 · 1966–1968
• Down to the CountrysideTHE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC UNDER MAO · CHAPTER 10 · 1968–1971

The Agrarian Reform Law of June 1950 gave the new regime a mass base in the villages. By 1953, about 700 million mu, more than two-fifths of China’s farmland, had been transferred to some 300 million peasants.— The People’s Republic under Mao, chapter 1: Consolidating Victory

4. How was it challenged?

13 CHAPTERS WITH IB NOTES · 3 REGIONS

Europe

• Gorbachev’s GambleREMAKING THE STATE · CHAPTER 8 · 1985–1989
• The SuccessionTHE SOVIET UNION UNDER STALIN · CHAPTER 1 · 1924–1929
• The Great Turn: CollectivisationTHE SOVIET UNION UNDER STALIN · CHAPTER 2 · 1929–1933
• The Great TerrorTHE SOVIET UNION UNDER STALIN · CHAPTER 6 · 1936–1938
• High StalinismTHE SOVIET UNION UNDER STALIN · CHAPTER 11 · 1945–1953
• Death and JudgementTHE SOVIET UNION UNDER STALIN · EPILOGUE · 1953–1956

By 1989, Western estimates put the budget deficit at about a tenth of national output. Many regions rationed sugar and soap. For ordinary citizens facing such shortages, the idea of reform itself lost credibility.— Remaking the State, chapter 8: Gorbachev’s Gamble

Asia and Oceania

• Tibet and the FrontiersTHE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC UNDER MAO · CHAPTER 3 · 1950–1959
• A Hundred FlowersTHE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC UNDER MAO · CHAPTER 5 · 1956–1957
• The Great Leap ForwardTHE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC UNDER MAO · CHAPTER 6 · 1958–1960
• Retreat and RecoveryTHE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC UNDER MAO · CHAPTER 8 · 1961–1965
• Down to the CountrysideTHE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC UNDER MAO · CHAPTER 10 · 1968–1971
• Mao’s Death and LegacyTHE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC UNDER MAO · EPILOGUE · 1976

The Dalai Lama fled to India after the Lhasa rising of 10 March 1959, and about 80,000 Tibetans followed him. Estimates of the dead in Lhasa range from roughly 2,000 to 10,000.— The People’s Republic under Mao, chapter 3: Tibet and the Frontiers

Africa and the Middle East

• Twenty-Eight DaysPROTEST AND CHANGE · CHAPTER 9 · DECEMBER 2010 – JANUARY 2011

The UGTT’s national leadership authorised regional general strikes on 11 January 2011. The next day, between 30,000 and 50,000 people marched in Sfax, and strikes closed Kairouan and Tozeur.— Protest and Change, chapter 9: Twenty-Eight Days