How these maps are made

Browse the chapters and their source notes · Full layer records and reconstruction methods

• Cliopatria v0.2.1 — Cliopatria contributors / Seshat Global History Databank. Selected, combined, and reprojected by Maps of History; dated adjustments are recorded per layer.. CC BY 4.0.
• Natural Earth physical coastlines and rivers — Made with Natural Earth. Modern physical geography is a coastline/river reference, not evidence of ancient sovereignty.. Public domain.
• Pleiades: ancient places and Hadrian’s Wall forts — Pleiades contributors; A. S. Esmonde Cleary, R. Talbert and subsequent editors (individual record credits retained in the review). Wall route reconstructed through published fort locations.. CC BY 3.0.
• Polybius, Histories 1: Sicily and the First Punic War — Polybius, Histories, book 1 (Perseus).. Historical evidence citation; no prose or map copied.
• Polybius, Histories 3: Hannibal’s campaign — Polybius, Histories, book 3 (Perseus).. Historical evidence citation; no prose or map copied.
• The Metropolitan Museum: The Roman Republic — Department of Greek and Roman Art, The Metropolitan Museum of Art (2000).. Historical evidence citation; no prose or map copied.
• The Metropolitan Museum: Palmyra — Department of Ancient Near Eastern Art, The Metropolitan Museum of Art (2000).. Historical evidence citation; no prose or map copied.
• Egypt Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities: Roman Period — Egypt Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities: beginning of Roman administration, 30 BC.. Historical evidence citation; no prose or map copied.
• UNESCO: Frontiers of the Roman Empire — UNESCO World Heritage Centre: frontier-system identification and dates.. Historical evidence citation; no map copied.
• English Heritage: Hadrian’s Wall facts and FAQs — English Heritage, facts checked by Dr Frances McIntosh (2026): wall endpoints and fort sequence.. Historical evidence citation; no copyrighted map traced.
• Procopius, History of the Wars, V.1: Odoacer and Italy — Procopius, Wars V.1 (public-domain H. B. Dewing translation).. Historical evidence citation; no prose or map copied.
• Ancient World Mapping Center: Dacia from the AD 200 province and empire boundary layers — Ancient World Mapping Center, UNC-Chapel Hill; derived from the Barrington Atlas and AWMC modifications to OpenStreetMap. Dacia polygon assembled by Maps of History from the published boundary lines; derivative distributed under ODbL 1.0.. ODbL 1.0.
• UNESCO: Frontiers of the Roman Empire – Dacia — UNESCO World Heritage Centre: province north of the Danube, operational 106–271 CE; Transylvanian plateau and Olt frontier.. Historical evidence citation; no map copied.

Browse the chapters and their source notes · Full layer records and reconstruction methods

• Natural Earth v5.1.2 full geographic reference — Natural Earth contributors. Public domain.
• Natural Earth administrative references — Natural Earth contributors. Public domain.
• Cliopatria v0.2.1 historical polities — Cliopatria contributors / Seshat Global History Databank. CC BY 4.0.
• Basin of Mexico, c.1519 — published lake and causeway map — Yavidaxiu, Historicair, Sémhur and named Commons contributors. CC BY-SA 4.0.
• Hanns Prem: Tenochtitlan and islands in Texcoco Lake, 2008 — Hanns Prem. Public domain dedication by the author (PD-self), worldwide reuse for any purpose.
• Mexico Secretariat of Culture / INAH: Tlatelolco archaeological-site location — Mexico Secretariat of Culture / INAH: Tlatelolco archaeological-site location. Historical facts cited; no source artwork or prose reproduced.
• Aztec tribute provinces, 1519 — published vector map — Yavidaxiu, Ssolbergj, Keepscases and Sémhur. CC BY-SA 3.0.
• Norse Eastern Settlement: named farm distribution — Masae, based on Arneborg, Gulløv and Guðmundsson. CC BY-SA 3.0.
• Norse Western Settlement: farm distribution — Masae, based on Arneborg, Gulløv and Guðmundsson. CC BY-SA 3.0.
• GeoNames geographic controls — GeoNames contributors. CC BY 4.0.
• Greenland National Museum: Anavik archaeological survey, p.11 — Greenland National Museum: Anavik archaeological survey, p.11. Historical facts cited; no source artwork or prose reproduced.
• Hollesen et al.2016: Sandnes site coordinates — Jørgen Hollesen and coauthors. CC BY 4.0.
• UNESCO: Kujataa archaeological landscape — UNESCO: Kujataa archaeological landscape. Historical facts cited; no source artwork or prose reproduced.
• Ljungqvist 2005: Norðrsetur and Disko Bay hunting — Ljungqvist 2005: Norðrsetur and Disko Bay hunting. Historical facts cited; no source artwork or prose reproduced.
• Friesen and Arnold 2008: timing of the Thule migration — Friesen and Arnold 2008: timing of the Thule migration. Historical facts cited; no source artwork or prose reproduced.
• Sámi Parliament: the Sápmi homeland — Sámi Parliament: the Sápmi homeland. Historical facts cited; no source artwork or prose reproduced.
• Parks Canada: L’Anse aux Meadows and the Vinland sagas — Parks Canada: L’Anse aux Meadows and the Vinland sagas. Historical facts cited; no source artwork or prose reproduced.
• Ogilvie et al.2009: seals and sea ice in Norse Greenland — Ogilvie et al.2009: seals and sea ice in Norse Greenland. Historical facts cited; no source artwork or prose reproduced.
• Rio Verde Archaeology: independent Tututepec — Rio Verde Archaeology: independent Tututepec. Historical facts cited; no source artwork or prose reproduced.
• García Quintana and Romero Galván: Tenochtitlan waterworks — García Quintana and Romero Galván: Tenochtitlan waterworks. Historical facts cited; no source artwork or prose reproduced.
• Territorial division in the Alfred–Guðrum treaty — Territorial division in the Alfred–Guðrum treaty. Historical facts cited; no source artwork or prose reproduced.
• Cliopatria source periods for Normandy — Cliopatria contributors. CC BY 4.0.

Browse the chapters and their source notes · Full layer records and reconstruction methods

• Cliopatria v0.2.1 — historical political boundaries — Cliopatria contributors / Seshat Global History Databank. CC BY 4.0.
• The Metropolitan Museum of Art — The Crusades (1095–1291) — Department of Medieval Art and The Cloisters, 2014. Facts consulted; no prose or image copied.
• The Metropolitan Museum of Art — Byzantium (ca. 330–1453) — The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Facts consulted; no prose or image copied.
• Reuven Amitai-Preiss — Mongols and Mamluks — Reuven Amitai-Preiss, Cambridge University Press,1995. Historical event chronology consulted; no map or prose copied.
• Cambridge University Library — A Fatimid Interoffice Memo about the Franks — Marina Rustow, Alan Elbaum and Paul M. Cobb, 2026. Facts consulted; no image or prose copied.
• Simon Barton — Crusading in Iberia, c. 1060–1212 — Simon Barton, The Cambridge History of the Crusades. Published summary consulted for dated conquests; no map copied.
• Israeli Institute of Archaeology — The Crusader Period — Israeli Institute of Archaeology. Facts consulted; local treaty corridor independently reconstructed.
• Steven Runciman — The Kingdom of Acre and the Later Crusades, Frederick II — Steven Runciman, A History of the Crusades, volume III. Named places and treaty terms consulted; no prose or map copied.
• OpenStax — The Crusading Movement — OpenStax, World History Volume 1. CC BY 4.0.
• Natural Earth — physical reference geography — Natural Earth. Public domain.

Browse the chapters and their source notes · Full layer records and reconstruction methods

• Cliopatria v0.2.1 — historical political boundaries — Cliopatria contributors / Seshat Global History Databank. CC BY 4.0.
• Asia for Educators, Columbia University — Three Invasions Led by Chinggis — Asia for Educators, Columbia University. Text consulted for historical facts; no map or prose copied.
• Asia for Educators — Expansion under Ögödei — Asia for Educators, Columbia University. Text consulted for historical facts; no map or prose copied.
• Asia for Educators — Collapse of the Empire and Four Sectors — Asia for Educators, Columbia University. Text consulted for historical facts; no map or prose copied.
• Asia for Educators — Military Successes and Failures — Asia for Educators, Columbia University. Text consulted for historical facts; no map or prose copied.
• Peter Jackson, Encyclopaedia Iranica — Mongols — Peter Jackson / Encyclopaedia Iranica. Historical facts consulted; thematic geometry independently reconstructed.
• Encyclopaedia Iranica — Herat, medieval history — Encyclopaedia Iranica. Historical facts consulted; thematic geometry independently reconstructed.
• The Metropolitan Museum of Art — The Legacy of Genghis Khan — Qamar Adamjee and Stefano Carboni, 2003. Historical facts consulted; no image or prose copied.
• Büntgen and Di Cosmo (2016), Mongol withdrawal from Hungary — Ulf Büntgen and Nicola Di Cosmo. CC BY 4.0.
• Institute of History of Ukraine — Mongol invasion and its consequences — Encyclopedia of the History of Ukraine, 2019. Historical facts consulted; thematic geometry independently reconstructed.
• Janet Martin — Medieval Russia 980–1584, chronology — Janet Martin, Cambridge University Press. Historical facts consulted; no map or prose copied.
• Fudan historical gazetteer — Xiangyang circuit, 1273–1363 — Fudan University / CHGIS historical gazetteer. Historical chronology consulted; no CHGIS boundary dataset imported.
• ISEAS Nalanda-Sriwijaya Centre Working Paper 25 — Mongol campaigns — ISEAS–Yusof Ishak Institute. Historical facts consulted; no map or prose copied.
• Reuven Amitai-Preiss — Mongols and Mamluks, chapter 2 — Reuven Amitai-Preiss, Cambridge University Press, 1995. Historical facts consulted; no map or prose copied.
• Natural Earth — physical reference geography — Natural Earth. Public domain.

Browse the chapters and their source notes · Full layer records and reconstruction methods

• Cliopatria v 0.2.1 — Cliopatria contributors / Seshat Global History Databank. Selected, combined, reprojected and corrected by Maps of History as described per layer.. CC BY4.0.
• Natural Earth physical geography — Made with Natural Earth; present coastlines support physical clipping, not historical political boundaries.. Public domain.
• BGS Geology625k: Coal Measures bedrock polygons — Contains British Geological Survey materials © UKRI2026. Geological outlines are not mine-operation boundaries.. Open Government Licence3.0; free commercial reuse with attribution.
• Atack: historical US railroads1826–1911, revised2023 — Jeremy Atack, Vanderbilt University. Shapefile metadata explicitly grants free use; source segment dates and identities retained.. Author metadata grants free use by anyone with source acknowledgement.
• Atack: nineteenth-century US canals, March2017 — Jeremy Atack, Vanderbilt University. Shapefile metadata explicitly grants free use; source segment dates and identities retained.. Author metadata grants free use by anyone with source acknowledgement.
• Bartholomew: Literary & Historical Atlas of Europe,1914 — John George Bartholomew,1914; economic maps printedpp48–49 and53; railwayspp50–51. Original author died1920. Public-domain original scan; commercially restricted MapsETC derivative not used.. Public-domain original historical cartography; geographic facts independently reconstructed.
• Bartholomew: Literary and Historical Atlas of Asia,1912 — John George Bartholomew,1912; economic mapspp40–41,72–73, products54–55; regional railway maps and route gazetteer. Original author died1920. Only geographic facts independently reconstructed; ebook text/brand not republished.. Public-domain original historical cartography; geographic facts independently reconstructed.
• Bartholomew: Literary & Historical Atlas of America,1911 — John George Bartholomew,1911; economic maps and named transport routes. Original cartographer died1920; independent geographic reconstruction.. Public-domain original historical cartography; geographic facts independently reconstructed.
• HGIS Germany / IEG: Zollverein accession chronology — Leibniz Institute of European History; member polity vectors come separately from CC BY Cliopatria. Customs membership is not sovereignty.. Membership facts only; HGIS artwork and datasets not copied.
• Von Steinwehr: distribution of slavery and staple-product districts,1861 — Library of Congress; downloaded four-page historical map includes staple-product inset. Earlier cotton phases are separately sourced.. Historical1861 published map; independent geographic reconstruction.
• University of Oregon: spread of cotton and slavery1790–1860 — University of Oregon Mapping History: dated direction of expansion. Earlier regional footprints remain educational reconstructions, not county statistics.. Geographic historical facts; original animation/artwork not copied.
• UNESCO: Cornwall and West Devon mining — UNESCO World Heritage Centre; named industrial locations and period evidence. The atlas district is not a copy of the modern UNESCO property boundary.. Factual geographic evidence; property artwork not redistributed.
• UNESCO: Derwent Valley Mills — UNESCO World Heritage Centre; named industrial locations and period evidence. The atlas district is not a copy of the modern UNESCO property boundary.. Factual geographic evidence; property artwork not redistributed.
• UNESCO: Nord-Pas de Calais mining basin — UNESCO World Heritage Centre; named industrial locations and period evidence. The atlas district is not a copy of the modern UNESCO property boundary.. Factual geographic evidence; property artwork not redistributed.
• UNESCO: Sites of Japan’s Meiji Industrial Revolution — UNESCO World Heritage Centre; named industrial locations and period evidence. The atlas district is not a copy of the modern UNESCO property boundary.. Factual geographic evidence; property artwork not redistributed.
• UNESCO: Tomioka Silk Mill and related sites — UNESCO World Heritage Centre; named industrial locations and period evidence. The atlas district is not a copy of the modern UNESCO property boundary.. Factual geographic evidence; property artwork not redistributed.
• UNESCO: Humberstone and Santa Laura saltpeter works — UNESCO World Heritage Centre; named industrial locations and period evidence. The atlas district is not a copy of the modern UNESCO property boundary.. Factual geographic evidence; property artwork not redistributed.
• Canal & River Trust: historic canals — Canal & River Trust route histories, named canal endpoints and opening chronology.. Independent named-route reconstruction; no modern map artwork copied.
• Science Museum Group: Liverpool & Manchester Railway — Science Museum Group; opening1830 and route endpoints, with contemporary atlas route geography.. Historic facts used for independent reconstruction.
• Imperial Gazetteer of India,Atlas1909: railways — Digital South Asia Library, University of Chicago; maps22–25 and provincial maps. Later plates locate routes, not early opening dates.. Public-domain historical government atlas; geographic facts independently reconstructed.
• Bain’s railway map of South Africa,1890s, and historical route evidence — University of Minnesota historical map; southern routes. Northern routes use the existing independently authored named-place reconstruction; detailed period vectors were unavailable.. Historical map geographic facts; original scan not republished.
• South African History Online: Witwatersrand goldfield — Named MainReef mining corridor Randfontein–Springs/Nigel; independent regional geography, not mine-lease boundaries.. Historical geographic facts used for independent reconstruction; no source artwork copied.
• Nazrin Shah: tin’s shift from Larut to Kinta1850–1900 — Historical research confirms Larut and Kinta district locations and period; contemporary atlas supplies the geographic setting.. Historical geographic facts used for independent reconstruction; no source artwork copied.
• Uganda Railways Corporation: original railway history — Railway operator historical record: Mombasa1896 to Kisumu1901. Independent named-station route reconstruction.. Historical geographic facts used for independent reconstruction; no source artwork copied.
• Dakar–SaintLouis railway: historical construction record — Document-based chronology: Dakar–Rufisque opened1883; completed to SaintLouis1885. Named route geography independently reconstructed through Thiès.. Historical geographic evidence; independent route reconstruction.
• Royal Museum for Central Africa: Matadi–Léopoldville opening1898 — Museum photographic primary record of the July1898 railway inauguration. Named route reconstructed through the historical Thysville sector; no photograph or artwork copied.. Historical geographic evidence; independent route reconstruction.
• Maps of History: industrial geography reconstruction record — Named districts and route stations from the linked published atlases. District perimeters are interpretive economic regions, not sovereign borders or parcel-level industrial land use.. Original independent thematic reconstructions; source artwork not embedded.

Browse the chapters and their source notes · Full layer records and reconstruction methods

• Cliopatria v 0.2.1 — Cliopatria contributors / Seshat Global History Databank. Selected, combined, reprojected and corrected by Maps of History as described per layer.. CC BY4.0.
• Newberry Atlas of Historical County Boundaries: historical states and territories — The Newberry Library, Atlas of Historical County Boundaries. State/territory records unioned for the displayed date; disputed/joint territories excluded from exclusive US sovereignty.. Publisher permits commercial and noncommercial lawful reuse without fees; current terms supersede obsolete NC notice in archive.
• Natural Earth physical geography — Made with Natural Earth; present coastlines support physical clipping, not historical political boundaries.. Public domain.
• US National Archives: Louisiana Purchase Treaty 1803 — US National Archives, treaty of 30 April 1803.. Historical evidence citation; no map copied.
• Library of Congress: A Question of Boundaries — Library of Congress: limitations of the original purchase delimitation.. Historical evidence citation; no map copied.
• Office of the Historian: Haitian Revolution 1791–1804 — US Department of State, Office of the Historian.. Historical evidence citation.
• Embassy of Haiti: Key Dates — Embassy of Haiti; the island-wide source polygons after 1806 are national footprint references rather than proof of one undivided administration.. Historical evidence citation.
• Fondation Napoléon: The Duchy of Warsaw — Fondation Napoléon;1807 foundation and 1809 territorial enlargement.. Historical evidence citation; no map copied.
• Lombardia Beni Culturali: Il Regno Lombardo-Veneto — Regione Lombardia: Lombard-Venetian realm,1859 Lombard cession and 1866 Mantua/Veneto cession.. Historical evidence citation; no map copied.
• Government of Slovenia: The Illyrian Provinces 1809–1813 — Government of Slovenia, Sinfo 5/2009: listed provinces and territorial changes.. Historical evidence citation; no scan geometry copied.
• Fondation Napoléon: From the Niemen to Moscow — Fondation Napoléon; named campaign locations and timeline.. Historical evidence citation; no map copied.
• Historic Route of the Lines of Torres Vedras — Rota Histórica das Linhas de Torres; Sizandro–Torres Vedras–Sobral–Alhandra defensive system.. Historical evidence citation; reconstructed line, no map copied.
• Treaty between Prussia and France, Tilsit,9 July 1807 — Treaty of Tilsit articles II, VII–XV: restored Prussian territories, cessions and Duchy of Warsaw.. Historical treaty evidence; no modern map copied.
• National Army Museum: Valenciennes and the 1793 Flanders campaign — National Army Museum; Famars/Valenciennes campaign and limited frontier advances.. Historical evidence citation; no artwork copied.
• Gendarmerie nationale: Hondschoote 1793 — French Gendarmerie nationale; Bergues and Hondschoote campaign locations.. Historical evidence citation; no map copied.
• Banco de la República: El proyecto grancolombiano — Efraín Sánchez, Banco de la República cultural network,2020; federal membership and 1822 Quito/Guayaquil accession.. Historical evidence citation; no map copied.
• Hungarian revolution: dated source crosswalk — Cliopatria record 11487, Hungarian Nationalists,1849–1852; a regional proxy, not a claim about the source end-date.. CC BY4.0.
• Maps of History: Revolutions reconstruction decisions — Maps of History: regional revolt/campaign footprints are inferred teaching regions, not surveyed fronts or homogeneous control.. Original educational reconstruction using cited datasets and historical evidence.

Browse the chapters and their source notes · Full layer records and reconstruction methods

• Cliopatria v0.2.1 — dated political boundaries — Cliopatria contributors / Seshat Global History Databank. CC BY4.0.
• US Military Academy — The War in Eastern Europe (1952), maps7 and15 — Department of Military Art and Engineering, United States Military Academy,1952. US federal government work; public domain maps.
• US War Department — Atlas of the World Battle Fronts (1945) — United States War Department, General Staff,1945. US Army official work; public domain.
• US Army Center of Military History — American Military History, The War Against Japan — Office of the Chief of Military History,1969, chapter23. Official US Army text and maps; public domain.
• United States Holocaust Memorial Museum — German territorial expansion — United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Historical dates consulted; no prose or image copied.
• French Ministry of the Armed Forces — La ligne de démarcation — Ministère des Armées. Historical facts consulted; actual polygon imported from Cliopatria.
• Allied governments — zones of occupation and administration of Greater Berlin, 26 July 1945 — Allied governments, 1945 protocol. Historical administrative facts consulted.
• Natural Earth — physical reference geography — Natural Earth. Public domain.
• Kenya Land Commission report (1933), foldout: European Highlands, reserves and railways — Kenya Land Commission report (1933), foldout: European Highlands, reserves and railways. 1934 UK Crown publication; original map facts independently digitized. Original scan not republished..
• Kenya Interim Independent Boundaries Review Commission (2010), historical boundary maps 1–8 — Kenya Interim Independent Boundaries Review Commission (2010), historical boundary maps 1–8. Official boundary facts consulted; independently reconstructed geography. Original scan not republished..
• Kenya Independence Order in Council 1963, Schedule 11 — districts and regions — Kenya Independence Order in Council 1963, Schedule 11 — districts and regions. UK legislation, Open Government Licence; factual regional definitions..
• Carte de St. Domingue: paroisses et jurisdictions (1770), John Carter Brown Library — Carte de St. Domingue: paroisses et jurisdictions (1770), John Carter Brown Library. Historical map in the public domain; original scan not republished..
• P. L. Griwtonn — Carte de l’Isle de St. Domingue avec les routes (1801), JCB Library — P. L. Griwtonn — Carte de l’Isle de St. Domingue avec les routes (1801), JCB Library. Historical map in the public domain; original scan not republished..
• Library of Congress / Federal Research Division — Dominican Republic and Haiti: Country Studies — Library of Congress / Federal Research Division — Dominican Republic and Haiti: Country Studies. US government historical study; factual campaign chronology consulted.
• Beaubrun Ardouin — Études sur l’histoire d’Haïti, volume 6, chapter 2.3 — Beaubrun Ardouin — Études sur l’histoire d’Haïti, volume 6, chapter 2.3. 1850s historical text in the public domain.
• H. Muoki Mbunga (2024) — Who Deserves to Die?; figure 1 and regional discussion — H. Muoki Mbunga; figure by Carolyn Talmadge, Tufts University Research Technology. CC BY4.0.
• British armed-forces eyewitness memoir — forest-edge ditch near Nyeri — British armed-forces eyewitness memoir — forest-edge ditch near Nyeri. Factual location consulted; no original prose or artwork republished.
• UK Parliament — military operations in Kenya, 2 March 1955 — UK Parliament — military operations in Kenya, 2 March 1955. Open Parliament Licence; historical facts consulted.
• Science Museum Group — Kenya and Uganda Railways — Science Museum Group — Kenya and Uganda Railways. Factual route and opening dates consulted.
• United Nations — Italian Somaliland trusteeship documentation — United Nations — Italian Somaliland trusteeship documentation. Official historical facts consulted.
• US Department of State — US invasion and occupation of Haiti, 1915–1934 — US Department of State — US invasion and occupation of Haiti, 1915–1934. US government historical facts consulted.
• Natural Earth 10m — complete Kenyan province geometry — Natural Earth 10m — complete Kenyan province geometry. Public domain.
• Natural Earth — Jubba River, with the 1918 Kenya boundary map — Natural Earth — Jubba River, with the 1918 Kenya boundary map. Public domain.
• Kenya Colony annual report, 1932 — territorial chronology — Kenya Colony annual report, 1932 — territorial chronology. 1930s UK government historical facts consulted.

Browse the chapters and their source notes · Full layer records and reconstruction methods

• Cliopatria v 0.2.1 — Cliopatria contributors / Seshat Global History Databank. Selected, combined, reprojected and corrected by Maps of History as described per layer.. CC BY4.0.
• Newberry Atlas of Historical County Boundaries: historical states and territories — The Newberry Library, Atlas of Historical County Boundaries. State/territory records unioned for the displayed date; disputed/joint territories excluded from exclusive US sovereignty.. Publisher permits commercial and noncommercial lawful reuse without fees; current terms supersede obsolete NC notice in archive.
• Natural Earth physical geography — Made with Natural Earth; present coastlines support physical clipping, not historical political boundaries.. Public domain.
• National Park Service: the secession crisis — National Park Service; seven initial seceded states, followed by Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee and North Carolina after Sumter.. US government historical evidence.
• Oregon Treaty, 1846 — US Department of State; 49th parallel settlement and Vancouver Island exception.. Historical treaty facts; US government account.
• Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, 1848 — US National Archives, treaty and territorial cession.. Historical treaty evidence.
• Gadsden Purchase, 1853–1854 — US Department of State; Newberry provides the actual territory polygon and effective-date metadata.. Historical treaty evidence.
• National Park Service: Port Royal and the Sea Islands — National Park Service; November1861 Port Royal occupation. The early coastline layer is date-specific, not the entire1862 coastal gain.. US government historical geographic evidence.
• Fort Donelson National Battlefield — National Park Service; February1862 river forts and Nashville campaign.. US government historical geographic evidence.
• Appomattox Court House: the surrender and its aftermath — National Park Service; April9 surrender of Lee’s army. This does not by itself end all Confederate armies.. US government historical evidence.
• Maps of History: Civil War source decisions — Source-native legal boundaries, annual military control and independently reconstructed campaign sectors are kept separate. Region connectors and corridor widths are interpretive.. Original historical reconstruction with attributed evidence.
• US Military Academy: Summary of Operations, 1846-47 — US Military Academy Department of History; selected geographic facts reconstructed independently, original chart retained outside distributed files.. Geographic evidence only. Source atlas index requests reprint permission; original artwork not redistributed..
• US Military Academy: Principal Campaigns of the War — US Military Academy Department of History; selected geographic facts reconstructed independently, original chart retained outside distributed files.. Geographic evidence only. Source atlas index requests reprint permission; original artwork not redistributed..
• US Military Academy: Situation 18 and 24 July 1861 — US Military Academy Department of History; selected geographic facts reconstructed independently, original chart retained outside distributed files.. Geographic evidence only. Source atlas index requests reprint permission; original artwork not redistributed..
• US Military Academy: Situation Prior to the Opening, January 1862 — US Military Academy Department of History; selected geographic facts reconstructed independently, original chart retained outside distributed files.. Geographic evidence only. Source atlas index requests reprint permission; original artwork not redistributed..
• US Military Academy: Strategic Situation at the End of the Campaign, 27 February 1862 — US Military Academy Department of History; selected geographic facts reconstructed independently, original chart retained outside distributed files.. Geographic evidence only. Source atlas index requests reprint permission; original artwork not redistributed..
• US Military Academy: Situation, 7 September 1862 — US Military Academy Department of History; selected geographic facts reconstructed independently, original chart retained outside distributed files.. Geographic evidence only. Source atlas index requests reprint permission; original artwork not redistributed..
• US Military Academy: Southeastern United States, 1861 — US Military Academy Department of History; selected geographic facts reconstructed independently, original chart retained outside distributed files.. Geographic evidence only. Source atlas index requests reprint permission; original artwork not redistributed..
• US Military Academy: Northern Virginia, 19 November – 10 October — US Military Academy Department of History; selected geographic facts reconstructed independently, original chart retained outside distributed files.. Geographic evidence only. Source atlas index requests reprint permission; original artwork not redistributed..
• US Military Academy: Chattanooga and Vicinity, 1863 – Movements Since 24 June — US Military Academy Department of History; selected geographic facts reconstructed independently, original chart retained outside distributed files.. Geographic evidence only. Source atlas index requests reprint permission; original artwork not redistributed..
• US Military Academy: Chattanooga and Vicinity, 1863 – Opening the Gateway, 30 September -17 October — US Military Academy Department of History; selected geographic facts reconstructed independently, original chart retained outside distributed files.. Geographic evidence only. Source atlas index requests reprint permission; original artwork not redistributed..
• US Military Academy: Grant’s Plan for the 1864 Campaign — US Military Academy Department of History; selected geographic facts reconstructed independently, original chart retained outside distributed files.. Geographic evidence only. Source atlas index requests reprint permission; original artwork not redistributed..
• US Military Academy: Sherman’s Turning Movement, 26 August 1864 — US Military Academy Department of History; selected geographic facts reconstructed independently, original chart retained outside distributed files.. Geographic evidence only. Source atlas index requests reprint permission; original artwork not redistributed..
• US Military Academy: Principal Federal Movements, November 1864 – April 1865 — US Military Academy Department of History; selected geographic facts reconstructed independently, original chart retained outside distributed files.. Geographic evidence only. Source atlas index requests reprint permission; original artwork not redistributed..
• US Military Academy: Capture of Weldon Railroad, 18 August 1864 — US Military Academy Department of History; selected geographic facts reconstructed independently, original chart retained outside distributed files.. Geographic evidence only. Source atlas index requests reprint permission; original artwork not redistributed..
• US Military Academy: Battle of Five Forks, 29-31 March 1865 — US Military Academy Department of History; selected geographic facts reconstructed independently, original chart retained outside distributed files.. Geographic evidence only. Source atlas index requests reprint permission; original artwork not redistributed..
• US Military Academy: The Defeat of Lee, 3-9 April 1865 — US Military Academy Department of History; selected geographic facts reconstructed independently, original chart retained outside distributed files.. Geographic evidence only. Source atlas index requests reprint permission; original artwork not redistributed..
• US Military Academy: Richmond and Peninsula, 1862 – Stuart’s Raid, 12–15 June — US Military Academy Department of History; selected geographic facts reconstructed independently, original chart retained outside distributed files.. Geographic evidence only. Source atlas index requests reprint permission; original artwork not redistributed..

Browse the chapters and their source notes · Full layer records and reconstruction methods

• Natural Earth v5.1.2 complete geographic reference — Natural Earth contributors. Public domain.
• Natural Earth full administrative reference units — Natural Earth contributors. Public domain.
• Natural Earth v4.1.0 archived disputed territories (pre-2020 Karabakh) — Natural Earth contributors. Public domain.
• Natural Earth v5.1.2 disputed-area references — Natural Earth contributors. Public domain.
• Cliopatria v0.2.1 dated political boundaries — Cliopatria contributors / Seshat Global History Databank. CC BY 4.0.
• Edo Domains c.1862, v0.1 — iao (2025), using Rekihaku village-domain records and MAFF 2015 agricultural settlement geometry; upstream processing by yaoyue00085856. CC0 1.0.
• International Crisis Group: former Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast geographic data — International Crisis Group. GPL-3.0.
• Atlas chapter bibliography and event-specific source record — Maps of History, citing the scholarly bibliography in SOURCES.md. Historical factual reference; no copyrighted prose reproduced.
• The World and Japan database: official historical treaties — GRIPS / University of Tokyo. Historical official treaty facts; no translated prose copied.
• Yamaguchi Prefecture: Hagi main domain and four branch domains — Yamaguchi Prefecture cultural heritage service. Historical factual evidence; no map or prose copied.
• Joint Japanese–Russian compendium of territorial treaties, 1855–1905 — Ministries of Foreign Affairs of Japan and the Russian Federation. Official historical treaty facts.
• UNESCO Memory of the World: the Baltic Way — UNESCO Memory of the World. Historical factual reference.
• Cliopatria v 0.2.1 — dated political boundaries — Cliopatria contributors / Seshat Global History Databank. CC BY4.0.
• Natural Earth v5.1.2 Amur / Heilong Jiang river centreline — Natural Earth contributors. Public domain.
• Natural Earth v5.1.2 country geography — Natural Earth contributors. Public domain.
• Cliopatria v0.2.1 historical polities — Cliopatria contributors / Seshat Global History Databank. CC BY 4.0.
• Natural Earth administrative references — Natural Earth contributors. Public domain.
• The rise and fall of the Berlin Wall — US government historical publication. Historical facts cited; no source artwork or prose reproduced.
• Decolonization of Asia and Africa, 1945–1960 — US Department of State, Office of the Historian. US government publication.
• The Berlin Airlift, 1948–1949 — US government historical publication. Historical facts cited; no source artwork or prose reproduced.
• Berlin’s four-power status and its termination — US government historical publication. Historical facts cited; no source artwork or prose reproduced.

Browse the chapters and their source notes · Full layer records and reconstruction methods

• Cliopatria v0.2.1 — dated political boundaries — Cliopatria contributors / Seshat Global History Databank. CC BY4.0.
• US Military Academy — The War in Eastern Europe (1952), maps7 and15 — Department of Military Art and Engineering, United States Military Academy,1952. US federal government work; public domain maps.
• US War Department — Atlas of the World Battle Fronts (1945) — United States War Department, General Staff,1945. US Army official work; public domain.
• US Army Center of Military History — American Military History, The War Against Japan — Office of the Chief of Military History,1969, chapter23. Official US Army text and maps; public domain.
• United States Holocaust Memorial Museum — German territorial expansion — United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Historical dates consulted; no prose or image copied.
• French Ministry of the Armed Forces — La ligne de démarcation — Ministère des Armées. Historical facts consulted; actual polygon imported from Cliopatria.
• Allied governments — zones of occupation and administration of Greater Berlin, 26 July 1945 — Allied governments, 1945 protocol. Historical administrative facts consulted.
• Natural Earth — physical reference geography — Natural Earth. Public domain.
• Library of Congress — Russian Civil War campaign map 03 (1920s original) — A. N. de-Lazari, N. N. Lesevitskii and collaborators; Gosizdat, RSFSR. Historical geographic facts independently reconstructed; original artwork not republished.
• Library of Congress — Russian Civil War campaign map 05 (1920s original) — A. N. de-Lazari, N. N. Lesevitskii and collaborators; Gosizdat, RSFSR. Historical geographic facts independently reconstructed; original artwork not republished.
• Library of Congress — Russian Civil War campaign map 08 (1920s original) — A. N. de-Lazari, N. N. Lesevitskii and collaborators; Gosizdat, RSFSR. Historical geographic facts independently reconstructed; original artwork not republished.
• Library of Congress — Russian Civil War campaign map 02 (1920s original) — A. N. de-Lazari, N. N. Lesevitskii and collaborators; Gosizdat, RSFSR. Historical geographic facts independently reconstructed; original artwork not republished.
• Library of Congress — Russian Civil War campaign map 04 (1920s original) — A. N. de-Lazari, N. N. Lesevitskii and collaborators; Gosizdat, RSFSR. Historical geographic facts independently reconstructed; original artwork not republished.
• Library of Congress — Russian Civil War campaign map 06 (1920s original) — A. N. de-Lazari, N. N. Lesevitskii and collaborators; Gosizdat, RSFSR. Historical geographic facts independently reconstructed; original artwork not republished.
• Library of Congress — Russian Civil War campaign map 07 (1920s original) — A. N. de-Lazari, N. N. Lesevitskii and collaborators; Gosizdat, RSFSR. Historical geographic facts independently reconstructed; original artwork not republished.
• Library of Congress — Russian Civil War campaign map 09 (1920s original) — A. N. de-Lazari, N. N. Lesevitskii and collaborators; Gosizdat, RSFSR. Historical geographic facts independently reconstructed; original artwork not republished.
• Library of Congress — Russian Civil War campaign map 10 (1920s original) — A. N. de-Lazari, N. N. Lesevitskii and collaborators; Gosizdat, RSFSR. Historical geographic facts independently reconstructed; original artwork not republished.
• C. Perron / Élisée Reclus — Russian Encroachments in Turkestan (1884) — C. Perron / Élisée Reclus — Russian Encroachments in Turkestan (1884). Historical map published before 1931; independently digitized factual geography. Original scan not republished..
• Cambridge Modern History Atlas, map 108 — Russia in Europe (1912) — Cambridge Modern History Atlas, map 108 — Russia in Europe (1912). Historical map published before 1931; independently digitized factual geography. Original scan not republished..
• The Jewish Encyclopedia (1901), volume 10 — Pale of Settlement map — The Jewish Encyclopedia (1901), volume 10 — Pale of Settlement map. Historical map published before 1931; independently digitized factual geography. Original scan not republished..
• Pamir Boundary Commission — signed delimitation map, 1895/1896 — Pamir Boundary Commission — signed delimitation map, 1895/1896. Public domain.
• US Department of State — Kwantung leased territory chronology — US Department of State — Kwantung leased territory chronology. US government historical document; factual chronology consulted.
• USMA — World War I atlas, chart 41 — USMA — World War I atlas, chart 41. Factual geographic reconstruction; original chart artwork not republished.

Browse the chapters and their source notes · Full layer records and reconstruction methods

• Natural Earth v5.1.2: complete country reference geometry — Natural Earth. Public domain.
• Natural Earth: administrative reference units — Natural Earth. Public domain.
• Cliopatria v0.2.1: dated historical polity records — Cliopatria contributors / Seshat Global History Databank. CC BY 4.0.
• Imperial Gazetteer of India (1908): Indian Empire political plate — J. G. Bartholomew / Imperial Gazetteer of India, 1908; scan Fowler & Fowler. Public domain.
• Imperial Gazetteer Atlas (1907): India in 1837 and 1857 — Imperial Gazetteer Atlas of India / Edinburgh Geographical Institute. Public domain.
• geoBoundaries India ADM2 (2021): named district reference geometry — geoBoundaries / Pathways Data Pvt Ltd / lgdirectory.gov.in. ODbL 1.0.
• Census of India 1931: provincial and state administrative reference — Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India; administrative grouping reference. Historical factual reference; no source prose reproduced.
• States Reorganisation Act, 1956 — Government of India; historical state-grouping reference. Historical factual reference; no source prose reproduced.
• UK National Archives: the Partition of British India — UK National Archives; award and independence context, not modern boundary geometry. Historical factual reference; no source prose reproduced.
• UNMOGIP: background to the Kashmir ceasefire line — United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan. Historical factual reference; no source prose reproduced.
• Cambridge Modern History Atlas (1912): principal centres of the 1857–1859 rebellion — Cambridge University Press / Stanford’s Geographical Establishment; 1912. Public domain.
• National Archives of India: Abhilekh Patal historical records portal — National Archives of India; contextual historical records, not a boundary survey. Historical factual reference; no source prose reproduced.
• Punjab Reorganisation Act, 1966 — Government of India; transfer to Himachal takes effect 1 November 1966. Historical factual reference; no source prose reproduced.
• Odisha Legislative Assembly: formation of the separate province, 1936 — Odisha Legislative Assembly. Historical factual reference; no source prose reproduced.
• Government of Maharashtra: Vidarbha in Central Provinces and Berar — Government of Maharashtra, Kelkar committee report, chapter 1. Historical factual reference; no source prose reproduced.

Browse the chapters and their source notes · Full layer records and reconstruction methods

• Cliopatria v 0.2.1 — Cliopatria contributors / Seshat Global History Databank. Source polygons retained with original identities; geographic selections and corrections by Maps of History.. CC BY 4.0.
• Natural Earth physical geography — Made with Natural Earth; geographic reference and physical land only. No modern political boundary is used as a historical boundary.. Public domain.
• Anglo-Russian Convention, 31 August 1907, articles I–II — US Department of State, Foreign Relations of the United States; convention’s named places define the two concession spheres.. Historical treaty facts, independently reconstructed.
• German barred-zone declaration, February 1917 — US Naval Institute Proceedings, March 1917, German declaration transcribed; February 3 Dutch safety-strip correction described separately.. Published 1917 historical document; factual boundary coordinates transcribed.
• February 1917 shipping-zone amendments — Commercial and Financial Chronicle,10 February 1917, preserved by Federal Reserve Bank of St Louis.. Historical factual coordinate transcription; no scan redistributed.
• Treaty of Peace with Turkey, Sèvres, 10 August 1920 — UK Treaty Series 11/1920. The signed treaty never entered into force; proposal outlines remain distinct from actual occupation.. Historical treaty facts; no artwork redistributed.
• British Library Sèvres treaty maps and rights record — British Library India Office Records IOR/W/L/PS/18/B 356. The IIIF manifest download returned 403; no unavailable map is described as acquired.. The three government map sheets are listed as Open Government Licence; the volume text has a separate unknown-copyright notice.
• National Army Museum: Mesopotamia campaign — National Army Museum; Basra, Kut, Baghdad and late 1917 campaign positions.. Historical evidence citation, no artwork copied.
• National Army Museum: Ramadi, September 1917 — National Army Museum, accession 1965-10-209-49; Ramadi captured 28–29 September 1917.. Historical evidence citation.
• Polish educational platform: Battle of Warsaw, 1920 — Polish Ministry educational platform: Wkra, Radzymin, Wieprz and the Warsaw campaign.. Historical geographic facts, independently reconstructed; artwork not copied.
• Treaty of Versailles: Rhineland occupation — Versailles articles 428–432; Rhineland occupation and bridgeheads.. Historical treaty facts; original geographic reconstruction.
• German Federal Archives: occupation of the Ruhr, 1923 — Bundesarchiv,11 January 1923; geographic industrial district occupation.. Historical evidence citation; no artwork copied.
• National Army Museum: Gallipoli campaign — National Army Museum: Helles, Anzac and the August Suvla landing remained three beachhead sectors.. Historical evidence citation; no artwork copied.
• National Army Museum: Salonika campaign — National Army Museum: late 1916 Albanian coast–Monastir–Doiran–Struma line and 1918 liberation campaign.. Historical evidence citation; no artwork copied.
• Caucasus Front, 1914–1918 Online — Tigran Martirosyan, University of Amsterdam; Russian 1916 advance, Erzincan and Bitlis geographic extent.. Historical geographic facts cited; no map copied.
• Treaty of Berlin, 1878, articles XXVIII–XXIX — US Department of State, Foreign Relations 1878; Montenegro frontier and coastal transfers.. Historical treaty geographic facts.
• Balkan Wars 1912–1913, International Encyclopedia of the First World War — Richard C. Hall; November 1912 Chataldzha defensive line and December armistice.. Historical geographic evidence, independent reconstruction.
• UK Parliament: Asia Minor, 10 July 1919 — Hansard; Italian Adalia garrison and southwestern coastal detachments.. Historical geographic evidence citation.
• British Library: Curzon papers, Italian forces in Asia Minor, 1919 — British Library via Qatar Digital Library; Adalia, Budjak, Buldur, Makri, Marmarice, Budrum, Sokia and Scalanova detachments.. Historical factual location citation; no scan redistributed.
• US Army: American Forces in Germany — US Army Medical Department history; Moselle Valley from Luxembourg to Rhine, Trier and Koblenz. Boundary derived from treaty river and bridgehead provisions rather than an absent annual control polygon.. US government historical geographic evidence.
• Maps of History: Great War geographic decisions — Maps of History. Campaign-sector connectors and contextual regions are identified separately from imported vector outlines.. Original geographic reconstruction using attributed historical evidence.
• US Military Academy World War I atlas, chart 1 — US Military Academy, Department of History & War Studies, World War I chart 1. Selected geographic front facts reconstructed independently; no claim of blanket public-domain artwork rights.. Geographic evidence citation; source index requests permission for map reprints. Original artwork is not redistributed..
• US Military Academy World War I atlas, chart 2 — US Military Academy, Department of History & War Studies, World War I chart 2. Selected geographic front facts reconstructed independently; no claim of blanket public-domain artwork rights.. Geographic evidence citation; source index requests permission for map reprints. Original artwork is not redistributed..
• US Military Academy World War I atlas, chart 10 — US Military Academy, Department of History & War Studies, World War I chart 10. Selected geographic front facts reconstructed independently; no claim of blanket public-domain artwork rights.. Geographic evidence citation; source index requests permission for map reprints. Original artwork is not redistributed..
• US Military Academy World War I atlas, chart 11 — US Military Academy, Department of History & War Studies, World War I chart 11. Selected geographic front facts reconstructed independently; no claim of blanket public-domain artwork rights.. Geographic evidence citation; source index requests permission for map reprints. Original artwork is not redistributed..
• US Military Academy World War I atlas, chart 14 — US Military Academy, Department of History & War Studies, World War I chart 14. Selected geographic front facts reconstructed independently; no claim of blanket public-domain artwork rights.. Geographic evidence citation; source index requests permission for map reprints. Original artwork is not redistributed..
• US Military Academy World War I atlas, chart 15 — US Military Academy, Department of History & War Studies, World War I chart 15. Selected geographic front facts reconstructed independently; no claim of blanket public-domain artwork rights.. Geographic evidence citation; source index requests permission for map reprints. Original artwork is not redistributed..
• US Military Academy World War I atlas, chart 16 — US Military Academy, Department of History & War Studies, World War I chart 16. Selected geographic front facts reconstructed independently; no claim of blanket public-domain artwork rights.. Geographic evidence citation; source index requests permission for map reprints. Original artwork is not redistributed..
• US Military Academy World War I atlas, chart 18 — US Military Academy, Department of History & War Studies, World War I chart 18. Selected geographic front facts reconstructed independently; no claim of blanket public-domain artwork rights.. Geographic evidence citation; source index requests permission for map reprints. Original artwork is not redistributed..
• US Military Academy World War I atlas, chart 20 — US Military Academy, Department of History & War Studies, World War I chart 20. Selected geographic front facts reconstructed independently; no claim of blanket public-domain artwork rights.. Geographic evidence citation; source index requests permission for map reprints. Original artwork is not redistributed..
• US Military Academy World War I atlas, chart 23 — US Military Academy, Department of History & War Studies, World War I chart 23. Selected geographic front facts reconstructed independently; no claim of blanket public-domain artwork rights.. Geographic evidence citation; source index requests permission for map reprints. Original artwork is not redistributed..
• US Military Academy World War I atlas, chart 28 — US Military Academy, Department of History & War Studies, World War I chart 28. Selected geographic front facts reconstructed independently; no claim of blanket public-domain artwork rights.. Geographic evidence citation; source index requests permission for map reprints. Original artwork is not redistributed..
• US Military Academy World War I atlas, chart 29 — US Military Academy, Department of History & War Studies, World War I chart 29. Selected geographic front facts reconstructed independently; no claim of blanket public-domain artwork rights.. Geographic evidence citation; source index requests permission for map reprints. Original artwork is not redistributed..
• US Military Academy World War I atlas, chart 31 — US Military Academy, Department of History & War Studies, World War I chart 31. Selected geographic front facts reconstructed independently; no claim of blanket public-domain artwork rights.. Geographic evidence citation; source index requests permission for map reprints. Original artwork is not redistributed..
• US Military Academy World War I atlas, chart 34 — US Military Academy, Department of History & War Studies, World War I chart 34. Selected geographic front facts reconstructed independently; no claim of blanket public-domain artwork rights.. Geographic evidence citation; source index requests permission for map reprints. Original artwork is not redistributed..
• US Military Academy World War I atlas, chart 35 — US Military Academy, Department of History & War Studies, World War I chart 35. Selected geographic front facts reconstructed independently; no claim of blanket public-domain artwork rights.. Geographic evidence citation; source index requests permission for map reprints. Original artwork is not redistributed..
• US Military Academy World War I atlas, chart 38 — US Military Academy, Department of History & War Studies, World War I chart 38. Selected geographic front facts reconstructed independently; no claim of blanket public-domain artwork rights.. Geographic evidence citation; source index requests permission for map reprints. Original artwork is not redistributed..
• US Military Academy World War I atlas, chart 39 — US Military Academy, Department of History & War Studies, World War I chart 39. Selected geographic front facts reconstructed independently; no claim of blanket public-domain artwork rights.. Geographic evidence citation; source index requests permission for map reprints. Original artwork is not redistributed..
• US Military Academy World War I atlas, chart 41 — US Military Academy, Department of History & War Studies, World War I chart 41. Selected geographic front facts reconstructed independently; no claim of blanket public-domain artwork rights.. Geographic evidence citation; source index requests permission for map reprints. Original artwork is not redistributed..
• US Military Academy World War I atlas, chart 44 — US Military Academy, Department of History & War Studies, World War I chart 44. Selected geographic front facts reconstructed independently; no claim of blanket public-domain artwork rights.. Geographic evidence citation; source index requests permission for map reprints. Original artwork is not redistributed..
• US Military Academy World War I atlas, chart 47 — US Military Academy, Department of History & War Studies, World War I chart 47. Selected geographic front facts reconstructed independently; no claim of blanket public-domain artwork rights.. Geographic evidence citation; source index requests permission for map reprints. Original artwork is not redistributed..
• US Military Academy World War I atlas, chart 49 — US Military Academy, Department of History & War Studies, World War I chart 49. Selected geographic front facts reconstructed independently; no claim of blanket public-domain artwork rights.. Geographic evidence citation; source index requests permission for map reprints. Original artwork is not redistributed..
• US Military Academy World War I atlas, chart 51 — US Military Academy, Department of History & War Studies, World War I chart 51. Selected geographic front facts reconstructed independently; no claim of blanket public-domain artwork rights.. Geographic evidence citation; source index requests permission for map reprints. Original artwork is not redistributed..
• US Military Academy World War I atlas, chart 52 — US Military Academy, Department of History & War Studies, World War I chart 52. Selected geographic front facts reconstructed independently; no claim of blanket public-domain artwork rights.. Geographic evidence citation; source index requests permission for map reprints. Original artwork is not redistributed..

Browse the chapters and their source notes · Full layer records and reconstruction methods

• Cliopatria v 0.2.1 — dated political boundaries — Cliopatria contributors / Seshat Global History Databank. CC BY4.0.
• US Military Academy — The War in Eastern Europe (1952), maps 7 and 15 — Department of Military Art and Engineering, United States Military Academy,1952. US federal government work; public domain maps.
• US War Department — Atlas of the World Battle Fronts (1945) — United States War Department, General Staff,1945. US Army official work; public domain.
• US Army Center of Military History — American Military History, The War Against Japan — Office of the Chief of Military History,1969, chapter 23. Official US Army text and maps; public domain.
• United States Holocaust Memorial Museum — German territorial expansion — United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Historical dates consulted; no prose or image copied.
• French Ministry of the Armed Forces — La ligne de démarcation — Ministère des Armées. Historical facts consulted; actual polygon imported from Cliopatria.
• Allied governments — zones of occupation and administration of Greater Berlin, 26 July 1945 — Allied governments, 1945 protocol. Historical administrative facts consulted.
• Natural Earth — physical reference geography — Natural Earth. Public domain.
• USMA: Warlords, 1925 — United States Military Academy, Department of History, Digital History Center. Source-map facts used for independent geographic reconstruction; original chart artwork is not republished.
• USMA: Nationalist China, 1929-37 — United States Military Academy, Department of History, Digital History Center. Source-map facts used for independent geographic reconstruction; original chart artwork is not republished.
• USMA: Long March, 1934-35 — United States Military Academy, Department of History, Digital History Center. Source-map facts used for independent geographic reconstruction; original chart artwork is not republished.
• USMA: Japanese Occupation, 1940 — United States Military Academy, Department of History, Digital History Center. Source-map facts used for independent geographic reconstruction; original chart artwork is not republished.
• USMA: Situation at the End of World War II — United States Military Academy, Department of History, Digital History Center. Source-map facts used for independent geographic reconstruction; original chart artwork is not republished.
• USMA: Chiang Kai-shek’s Strategy, 1947 — United States Military Academy, Department of History, Digital History Center. Source-map facts used for independent geographic reconstruction; original chart artwork is not republished.
• USMA: Communist Offensives, September-November 1948 — United States Military Academy, Department of History, Digital History Center. Source-map facts used for independent geographic reconstruction; original chart artwork is not republished.
• USMA: Communist Offensives, November 1948 – January 1949 — United States Military Academy, Department of History, Digital History Center. Source-map facts used for independent geographic reconstruction; original chart artwork is not republished.
• USMA: Communist Offensives, April-October 1949 — United States Military Academy, Department of History, Digital History Center. Source-map facts used for independent geographic reconstruction; original chart artwork is not republished.
• US Consul at Mukden — report of 26 September 1931 — US Consul at Mukden — report of 26 September 1931. Historical facts consulted; no source artwork or prose republished.
• US diplomatic records — Jehol occupation,March 1933 — US diplomatic records — Jehol occupation,March 1933. Historical facts consulted; no source artwork or prose republished.
• National Diet Library — Marco Polo Bridge and Beijing/Tianjin chronology — National Diet Library — Marco Polo Bridge and Beijing/Tianjin chronology. Historical facts consulted; no source artwork or prose republished.
• US Consul at Hanoi — Japanese bases agreement,22 September 1940 — US Consul at Hanoi — Japanese bases agreement,22 September 1940. Historical facts consulted; no source artwork or prose republished.
• US Chargé — fall of Langson and Haiphong landings,26 September 1940 — US Chargé — fall of Langson and Haiphong landings,26 September 1940. Historical facts consulted; no source artwork or prose republished.
• United Press dispatch,21 July 1936 — Seville rebel stronghold — United Press dispatch,21 July 1936 — Seville rebel stronghold. Historical facts consulted; no source artwork or prose republished.
• Australian War Memorial — fall of Gondar and end of Italian control,November 1941 — Australian War Memorial — fall of Gondar and end of Italian control,November 1941. Historical facts consulted; no source artwork or prose republished.
• Tangku Truce Agreement,31May1933 — published primary text — Tangku Truce Agreement,31May1933 — published primary text. Historical facts consulted; original prose/artwork not republished.
• USArmy Center ofMilitaryHistory — China Defensive campaign — USArmy Center ofMilitaryHistory — China Defensive campaign. Historical facts consulted; original prose/artwork not republished.
• US AmbassadorStuart — evacuation andcapture ofYenan,1947 — US AmbassadorStuart — evacuation andcapture ofYenan,1947. Historical facts consulted; original prose/artwork not republished.
• USdiplomatic records — fallofCanton,Chungking andKunming,October–December1949 — USdiplomatic records — fallofCanton,Chungking andKunming,October–December1949. Historical facts consulted; original prose/artwork not republished.
• ChineseMilitaryHistory — Taiyuan captured24April1949 — ChineseMilitaryHistory — Taiyuan captured24April1949. Historical facts consulted; original prose/artwork not republished.
• USOfficeoftheHistorian — ChineseRevolutionof1949 — USOfficeoftheHistorian — ChineseRevolutionof1949. Historical facts consulted; original prose/artwork not republished.
• Natural Earth10m — province reference geometry — Natural Earth10m — province reference geometry. Public domain.
• Natural Earth10m — rivers/lake centerlines,ChangJiang — Natural Earth10m — rivers/lake centerlines,ChangJiang. Public domain.

Browse the chapters and their source notes · Full layer records and reconstruction methods

• Cliopatria v0.2.1 historical political boundaries — Cliopatria contributors / Seshat Global History Databank. CC BY 4.0.
• Natural Earth v5.1.2 country geography — Natural Earth contributors. Public domain.
• Natural Earth full administrative reference geometry — Natural Earth contributors. Public domain.
• Bukharan PSR in the Soviet Union (1922), published vector locator — TRAJAN 117, TarzanASG, Anonimu and Milenioscuro; underlying location-map geography by Hellerick/Natural Earth. CC BY-SA 3.0.
• Published projection for the Soviet Union location-map family — Hellerick. Mathematical projection parameters; source artwork CC BY-SA 3.0.
• Revelations from the Russian Archives: internal workings, collectivisation, famine and deportations — Library of Congress / Russian archival exhibition. Historical facts consulted; no copyrighted artwork or prose reproduced.
• Volga German ASSR, 20 July 1930: published locator map — Fotisgrek. CC BY-SA 4.0.
• Cliopatria v 0.2.1 — dated political boundaries — Cliopatria contributors / Seshat Global History Databank. CC BY4.0.
• US Military Academy — The War in Eastern Europe (1952), maps 7 and 15 — Department of Military Art and Engineering, United States Military Academy,1952. US federal government work; public domain maps.
• US War Department — Atlas of the World Battle Fronts (1945) — United States War Department, General Staff,1945. US Army official work; public domain.
• Cliopatria v 0.2.1 — dated political boundaries — Cliopatria contributors / Seshat Global History Databank. CC BY4.0.
• Natural Earth v5.1.2 country geography — Natural Earth contributors. Public domain.
• Decolonization of Asia and Africa, 1945–1960 — US Department of State, Office of the Historian. US government publication.
• Cliopatria v0.2.1 historical polities — Cliopatria contributors / Seshat Global History Databank. CC BY 4.0.
• Natural Earth administrative references — Natural Earth contributors. Public domain.
• The rise and fall of the Berlin Wall — US government historical publication. Historical facts cited; no source artwork or prose reproduced.
• The Berlin Airlift, 1948–1949 — US government historical publication. Historical facts cited; no source artwork or prose reproduced.
• Berlin’s four-power status and its termination — US government historical publication. Historical facts cited; no source artwork or prose reproduced.
• Cliopatria v0.2.1 — dated political boundaries — Cliopatria contributors / Seshat Global History Databank. CC BY4.0.
• USdiplomatic records — fallof Canton,Chungking and Kunming,October–December 1949 — USdiplomatic records — fallof Canton,Chungking and Kunming,October–December 1949. Historical facts consulted; original prose/artwork not republished.
• Natural Earth 10m — provincial study-region reference — Natural Earth 10m — provincial study-region reference. Public domain.
• Natural Earth 10m island components; FRUS 1955 evacuation chronology — Natural Earth 10m island components; FRUS 1955 evacuation chronology. Natural Earth public domain; historical facts consulted.
• Natural Earth — physical reference geography — Natural Earth. Public domain.

Browse the chapters and their source notes · Full layer records and reconstruction methods

• Cliopatria v0.2.1 — dated political boundaries — Cliopatria contributors / Seshat Global History Databank. CC BY4.0.
• US Military Academy — The War in Eastern Europe (1952), maps7 and15 — Department of Military Art and Engineering, United States Military Academy,1952. US federal government work; public domain maps.
• US War Department — Atlas of the World Battle Fronts (1945) — United States War Department, General Staff,1945. US Army official work; public domain.
• US Army Center of Military History — American Military History, The War Against Japan — Office of the Chief of Military History,1969, chapter23. Official US Army text and maps; public domain.
• United States Holocaust Memorial Museum — German territorial expansion — United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Historical dates consulted; no prose or image copied.
• French Ministry of the Armed Forces — La ligne de démarcation — Ministère des Armées. Historical facts consulted; actual polygon imported from Cliopatria.
• Allied governments — zones of occupation and administration of Greater Berlin, 26 July 1945 — Allied governments, 1945 protocol. Historical administrative facts consulted.
• Natural Earth — physical reference geography — Natural Earth. Public domain.
• USMA: Japanese Occupation, 1940 — United States Military Academy, Department of History, Digital History Center. Source-map facts used for independent geographic reconstruction; original chart artwork is not republished.
• US Consul at Mukden — report of26September1931 — US Consul at Mukden — report of26September1931. Historical facts consulted; no source artwork or prose republished.
• US diplomatic records — Jehol occupation,March1933 — US diplomatic records — Jehol occupation,March1933. Historical facts consulted; no source artwork or prose republished.
• National Diet Library — MarcoPoloBridge and Beijing/Tianjin chronology — National Diet Library — MarcoPoloBridge and Beijing/Tianjin chronology. Historical facts consulted; no source artwork or prose republished.
• US Consul at Hanoi — Japanese bases agreement,22September1940 — US Consul at Hanoi — Japanese bases agreement,22September1940. Historical facts consulted; no source artwork or prose republished.
• US Chargé — fall ofLangson andHaiphong landings,26September1940 — US Chargé — fall ofLangson andHaiphong landings,26September1940. Historical facts consulted; no source artwork or prose republished.
• UnitedPress dispatch,21July1936 — Seville rebel stronghold — UnitedPress dispatch,21July1936 — Seville rebel stronghold. Historical facts consulted; no source artwork or prose republished.
• Australian War Memorial — fall ofGondar and end ofItalian control,November1941 — Australian War Memorial — fall ofGondar and end ofItalian control,November1941. Historical facts consulted; no source artwork or prose republished.
• Murli / rowanwindwhistler — Slovakia border changes, 1938–1945 — Murli; SVG adaptation by rowanwindwhistler (2021). CC BY-SA 2.5; derived geographic paths under the same license.
• United States Holocaust Memorial Museum — The Holocaust in Slovakia — United States Holocaust Memorial Museum — The Holocaust in Slovakia. Historical chronology consulted; no source prose or artwork republished.
• Slovak Nation’s Memory Institute — The First Vienna Award — Slovak Nation’s Memory Institute — The First Vienna Award. Historical territorial chronology consulted; no source artwork or prose republished.
• United States Holocaust Memorial Museum — Hitler appointed chancellor, 30 January 1933 — United States Holocaust Memorial Museum — Hitler appointed chancellor, 30 January 1933. Historical chronology consulted; no source prose or artwork republished.
• Yugoslavia (1929–1939) location map — international frontier and Adriatic coast — NordNordWest/Wikipedia. Converted from the published SVG to WGS84; eastern Italian regional territory extracted. Source cites Velhagen & Klasings Großer Volksatlas (1938).. CC BY-SA 3.0 Germany.
• IGM Fiume, 1:25,000, sheet53B II SE — boundary established in1924 — Istituto Geografico Militare, Fiume (printed1946; 1927 survey with1931–1940 updates), reproduced by Istituto regionale per la storia della Resistenza e dell’Età contemporanea nel Friuli Venezia Giulia. Independent reconstruction from graticule coordinates and boundary observations; archive page reserves artwork rights.. Geographical-fact reconstruction; original archive artwork not distributed.
• Treaty of Rome (1924), division of Fiume and west-bank boundary — 1924 agreement interpreted alongside the regional history institute and City of Rijeka’s explanation of the Donja/Gornja Drenova division.. Historical geographic facts; citation only.
• Regional history institute — Adriatic occupation chronology,1943–1945 — Regional history institute — Adriatic occupation chronology,1943–1945. Historical geographic facts consulted; source prose and artwork not republished.
• Regional history institute — Italian annexations of1941, Fiume province and Krk — Regional history institute — Italian annexations of1941, Fiume province and Krk. Historical geographic facts consulted; source prose and artwork not republished.
• Regional history institute — Zara evacuation and Yugoslav entry,October1944 — Regional history institute — Zara evacuation and Yugoslav entry,October1944. Historical geographic facts consulted; source prose and artwork not republished.
• Miroslav Krleža Lexicographic Institute — Lastovo wartime chronology — Miroslav Krleža Lexicographic Institute — Lastovo wartime chronology. Historical geographic facts consulted; source prose and artwork not republished.
• National Museum of Contemporary History of Slovenia — Allied/Yugoslav presence and Morgan demarcation — National Museum of Contemporary History of Slovenia — Allied/Yugoslav presence and Morgan demarcation. Historical geographic facts consulted; source prose and artwork not republished.
• Regional history institute — Morgan Line and Pola enclave,1945–1947 — Istituto regionale per la storia della Resistenza e dell’Età contemporanea nel Friuli Venezia Giulia. Independent geographic-fact reconstruction; original artwork not distributed.
• United States Holocaust Memorial Museum — Danzig and German annexation in September 1939 — United States Holocaust Memorial Museum — Danzig and German annexation in September 1939. Historical chronology consulted; no source prose or artwork republished.

Browse the chapters and their source notes · Full layer records and reconstruction methods

• Cliopatria v0.2.1 — dated political boundaries — Cliopatria contributors / Seshat Global History Databank. CC BY4.0.
• US Military Academy — The War in Eastern Europe (1952), maps7 and15 — Department of Military Art and Engineering, United States Military Academy,1952. US federal government work; public domain maps.
• US War Department — Atlas of the World Battle Fronts (1945) — United States War Department, General Staff,1945. US Army official work; public domain.
• US Army Center of Military History — American Military History, The War Against Japan — Office of the Chief of Military History,1969, chapter23. Official US Army text and maps; public domain.
• United States Holocaust Memorial Museum — German territorial expansion — United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Historical dates consulted; no prose or image copied.
• French Ministry of the Armed Forces — La ligne de démarcation — Ministère des Armées. Historical facts consulted; actual polygon imported from Cliopatria.
• Allied governments — zones of occupation and administration of Greater Berlin, 26 July 1945 — Allied governments, 1945 protocol. Historical administrative facts consulted.
• Natural Earth — physical reference geography — Natural Earth. Public domain.
• Yugoslavia (1929–1939) location map — international frontier and Adriatic coast — NordNordWest/Wikipedia. Converted from the published SVG to WGS84; eastern Italian regional territory extracted. Source cites Velhagen & Klasings Großer Volksatlas (1938).. CC BY-SA 3.0 Germany.
• IGM Fiume, 1:25,000, sheet53B II SE — boundary established in1924 — Istituto Geografico Militare, Fiume (printed1946; 1927 survey with1931–1940 updates), reproduced by Istituto regionale per la storia della Resistenza e dell’Età contemporanea nel Friuli Venezia Giulia. Independent reconstruction from graticule coordinates and boundary observations; archive page reserves artwork rights.. Geographical-fact reconstruction; original archive artwork not distributed.
• Treaty of Rome (1924), division of Fiume and west-bank boundary — 1924 agreement interpreted alongside the regional history institute and City of Rijeka’s explanation of the Donja/Gornja Drenova division.. Historical geographic facts; citation only.
• Regional history institute — Adriatic occupation chronology,1943–1945 — Regional history institute — Adriatic occupation chronology,1943–1945. Historical geographic facts consulted; source prose and artwork not republished.
• Regional history institute — Italian annexations of1941, Fiume province and Krk — Regional history institute — Italian annexations of1941, Fiume province and Krk. Historical geographic facts consulted; source prose and artwork not republished.
• Regional history institute — Zara evacuation and Yugoslav entry,October1944 — Regional history institute — Zara evacuation and Yugoslav entry,October1944. Historical geographic facts consulted; source prose and artwork not republished.
• Miroslav Krleža Lexicographic Institute — Lastovo wartime chronology — Miroslav Krleža Lexicographic Institute — Lastovo wartime chronology. Historical geographic facts consulted; source prose and artwork not republished.
• National Museum of Contemporary History of Slovenia — Allied/Yugoslav presence and Morgan demarcation — National Museum of Contemporary History of Slovenia — Allied/Yugoslav presence and Morgan demarcation. Historical geographic facts consulted; source prose and artwork not republished.
• Regional history institute — Morgan Line and Pola enclave,1945–1947 — Istituto regionale per la storia della Resistenza e dell’Età contemporanea nel Friuli Venezia Giulia. Independent geographic-fact reconstruction; original artwork not distributed.
• Murli / rowanwindwhistler — Slovakia border changes, 1938–1945 — Murli; SVG adaptation by rowanwindwhistler (2021). CC BY-SA 2.5; derived geographic paths under the same license.
• United States Holocaust Memorial Museum — The Holocaust in Slovakia — United States Holocaust Memorial Museum — The Holocaust in Slovakia. Historical chronology consulted; no source prose or artwork republished.
• Slovak Nation’s Memory Institute — The First Vienna Award — Slovak Nation’s Memory Institute — The First Vienna Award. Historical territorial chronology consulted; no source artwork or prose republished.
• United States Holocaust Memorial Museum — Danzig and German annexation in September 1939 — United States Holocaust Memorial Museum — Danzig and German annexation in September 1939. Historical chronology consulted; no source prose or artwork republished.
• Albanian Armed Forces Museum — German takeover after the Italian capitulation — Albanian Armed Forces Museum. Historical control chronology consulted; no source prose or artwork republished.

Browse the chapters and their source notes · Full layer records and reconstruction methods

• Natural Earth v5.1.2 country geography — Natural Earth contributors. Public domain.
• Natural Earth administrative references — Natural Earth contributors. Public domain.
• Natural Earth river centerlines — Natural Earth contributors. Public domain.
• Cliopatria v0.2.1 historical polities — Cliopatria contributors / Seshat Global History Databank. CC BY 4.0.
• 1945 agreement on occupation zones in Austria — US Department of State, Foreign Relations of the United States. US government public-domain document.
• City of Vienna: July 1945 occupation agreement — City of Vienna historical record. Historical facts cited; no source artwork or prose reproduced.
• 1954 Geneva agreement, Annex I: demarcation line — US Department of State, FRUS 1952–1954, Volume XVI, document 1035. US government publication of diplomatic documents.
• United Nations Command: the 1953 armistice — United Nations Command. Historical facts cited; no source artwork or prose reproduced.
• Occupation and reconstruction of Germany, 1945–1948 — National Army Museum. Historical facts cited; no source artwork or prose reproduced.
• Decolonization of Asia and Africa, 1945–1960 — US Department of State, Office of the Historian. US government publication.
• The collapse of the Soviet Union — US Department of State, Office of the Historian. US government publication.
• The Chinese Revolution of 1949 — US Department of State, Office of the Historian. US government publication.
• NATO membership chronology — NATO. Historical facts cited; no artwork or prose reproduced.
• North Atlantic Treaty: Algerian departments cease to apply from 3 July 1962 — NATO, treaty footnote 2. Historical treaty facts cited; no artwork or prose reproduced.
• South Yemen: independence and alignment chronology — US Department of State. US government historical publication.
• South Yemen: Soviet relationship, 1971 intelligence estimate — US Department of State, FRUS 1969–1976, volume XXIV, document 182. US government historical publication.
• The Berlin Airlift, 1948–1949 — US government historical publication. Historical facts cited; no source artwork or prose reproduced.
• US Army Korean War campaigns — US government historical publication. Historical facts cited; no source artwork or prose reproduced.
• The Cuban Missile Crisis, October 1962 — US government historical publication. Historical facts cited; no source artwork or prose reproduced.
• The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan — US government historical publication. Historical facts cited; no source artwork or prose reproduced.
• Rapprochement with China, 1972 — US government historical publication. Historical facts cited; no source artwork or prose reproduced.
• The rise and fall of the Berlin Wall — US government historical publication. Historical facts cited; no source artwork or prose reproduced.
• Berlin’s four-power status and its termination — US government historical publication. Historical facts cited; no source artwork or prose reproduced.

Browse the chapters and their source notes · Full layer records and reconstruction methods

• Natural Earth v5.1.2: 1:10m countries — Natural Earth. Public domain.
• Natural Earth: Katanga and Nigerian state reference boundaries — Natural Earth. Public domain.
• Cliopatria v0.2.1: reviewed historical components — Cliopatria contributors / Seshat Global History Databank. CC BY 4.0.
• UN: former Trust and Non-Self-Governing Territories — United Nations; territorial successions and independence dates. Historical factual evidence; text and images not reproduced.
• UN: trust territories and their agreements — United Nations Dag Hammarskjöld Library. Historical factual evidence; text and images not reproduced.
• UN: British Togoland administration and 1956 termination — United Nations. Historical factual evidence; text and images not reproduced.
• UN: Rhodesia and Nyasaland federation, 1953–1963 — United Nations. Historical factual evidence; text and images not reproduced.
• UN General Assembly: Eritrea federation, 11 September 1952 — UN General Assembly resolution 617 (VII). Historical factual evidence; text and images not reproduced.
• UN: Western Sahara remains a Non-Self-Governing Territory — United Nations; no independent-sovereignty claim. Historical factual evidence; text and images not reproduced.
• US Air University: Libya historical regions and post-1943 administrations — US Air University / US Government Publishing Office. Historical factual evidence; text and images not reproduced.
• US Office of the Historian: Suez Crisis, 1956 — US Department of State. Historical factual evidence; text and images not reproduced.
• UK National Archives: Kenya emergency and independence records — UK National Archives. Historical factual evidence; text and images not reproduced.
• UN Operation in the Congo: Katanga secession and reintegration — United Nations Peacekeeping. Historical factual evidence; text and images not reproduced.
• SIPRI Yearbook 1968–69: Nigeria/Biafra, maps 4C.1–4C.2 — SIPRI; former Eastern Region / secession extent evidence. Map image and its artwork are not reproduced.. Historical factual evidence; text and images not reproduced.
• South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission: final report — Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa. Historical factual evidence; text and images not reproduced.
• UN Transition Assistance Group: Namibia independence — United Nations Peacekeeping. Historical factual evidence; text and images not reproduced.
• US Foreign Relations: Southern Africa, 1969–1976 — US Department of State; published diplomatic records. Historical factual evidence; text and images not reproduced.
• US Foreign Relations: Horn of Africa, 1977–1980 — US Department of State; published diplomatic records. Historical factual evidence; text and images not reproduced.
• UN member-state admissions — United Nations; corroborates membership, not exact independence dates. Historical factual evidence; text and images not reproduced.

Browse the chapters and their source notes · Full layer records and reconstruction methods

• Natural Earth 1:10m countries and physical geography — Natural Earth. Public domain.
• Natural Earth 1:10m administrative references (US states and Berlin) — Natural Earth. Public domain.
• Tunisia governorates, geoBoundaries gbOpen (2017 reference) — © OpenStreetMap contributors; Wambacher; geoBoundaries. ODbL-1.0 (upstream OpenStreetMap/Wambacher).
• Tunisia: Republican order 2014-70, official gazette p.981 — République Tunisienne, Journal officiel 18 April 2014; Library of Congress scan. Factual historical evidence; no source prose reproduced.
• Tunisia: Presidential decree 2015-120, official gazette p.1910 — République Tunisienne, Journal officiel 7 July 2015; Library of Congress scan. Factual historical evidence; no source prose reproduced.
• World Bank: The Unfinished Revolution, chapter 10 (2014) — World Bank; coastal concentration of activity, not a published polygon. Factual historical evidence; no source prose reproduced.
• Tunisia barrier endpoints reported by the Libyan News Agency, 12 July 2015 — Libyan News Agency reporting Tunisian defence minister; endpoint evidence, not an engineering alignment. Factual historical evidence; no source prose reproduced.
• Inter-Parliamentary Union: women’s suffrage chronology — Inter-Parliamentary Union. Factual historical evidence; no source prose reproduced.
• Hoyt v. Florida (1961), opinion and footnotes — US Supreme Court; Cornell Legal Information Institute. Factual historical evidence; no source prose reproduced.
• ILO: Equal Remuneration Convention C100 — International Labour Organization. Factual historical evidence; no source prose reproduced.
• Roe v. Wade (1973), opinion and footnotes — US Supreme Court; Cornell Legal Information Institute. Factual historical evidence; no source prose reproduced.
• US National Archives: Equal Rights Amendment — US National Archives. Factual historical evidence; no source prose reproduced.
• UN Treaty Collection: CEDAW treaty status — United Nations Treaty Collection. Factual historical evidence; no source prose reproduced.
• Tunisia: Constitution of 2014 — République Tunisienne; Digithèque MJP. Factual historical evidence; no source prose reproduced.
• Tunisia: Personal Status Code — République Tunisienne; Jurisite Tunisie. Factual historical evidence; no source prose reproduced.
• Amnesty International: Tunisia in revolt (2011) — Amnesty International; event locations and chronology. Factual historical evidence; no source prose reproduced.
• Redstockings Women’s Liberation Archives: first abortion speakout — Redstockings Women’s Liberation Archives. Factual historical evidence; no source prose reproduced.
• Village Preservation: Redstockings at Washington Square Methodist Church — Village Preservation; venue evidence. Factual historical evidence; no source prose reproduced.
• Washington Square Methodist Church: 135 West 4th Street location — WhereOrg address coordinate reference; checked against NY source outline. Factual historical evidence; no source prose reproduced.
• Nobel Peace Prize 2015: Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet — Nobel Foundation. Factual historical evidence; no source prose reproduced.
• UN experts’ report on Tunisian fighters, July 2015 — United Nations. Factual historical evidence; no source prose reproduced.
• National Organization for Women: Statement of Purpose — National Organization for Women. Factual historical evidence; no source prose reproduced.
• Combahee River Collective Statement — Combahee River Collective; Teaching American History. Factual historical evidence; no source prose reproduced.
• Cliopatria v0.2.1 historical polities — Cliopatria contributors / Seshat Global History Databank. CC BY 4.0.

Browse the chapters and their source notes · Full layer records and reconstruction methods

• Natural Earth v5.1.2 country geography — Natural Earth contributors. Public domain.
• Natural Earth administrative references — Natural Earth contributors. Public domain.
• Natural Earth river centerlines — Natural Earth contributors. Public domain.
• Cliopatria v0.2.1 historical polities — Cliopatria contributors / Seshat Global History Databank. CC BY 4.0.
• 1945 agreement on occupation zones in Austria — US Department of State, Foreign Relations of the United States. US government public-domain document.
• City of Vienna: July 1945 occupation agreement — City of Vienna historical record. Historical facts cited; no source artwork or prose reproduced.
• 1954 Geneva agreement, Annex I: demarcation line — US Department of State, FRUS 1952–1954, Volume XVI, document 1035. US government publication of diplomatic documents.
• United Nations Command: the 1953 armistice — United Nations Command. Historical facts cited; no source artwork or prose reproduced.
• Occupation and reconstruction of Germany, 1945–1948 — National Army Museum. Historical facts cited; no source artwork or prose reproduced.
• Decolonization of Asia and Africa, 1945–1960 — US Department of State, Office of the Historian. US government publication.
• The collapse of the Soviet Union — US Department of State, Office of the Historian. US government publication.
• The Chinese Revolution of 1949 — US Department of State, Office of the Historian. US government publication.
• NATO membership chronology — NATO. Historical facts cited; no artwork or prose reproduced.
• North Atlantic Treaty: Algerian departments cease to apply from 3 July 1962 — NATO, treaty footnote 2. Historical treaty facts cited; no artwork or prose reproduced.
• South Yemen: independence and alignment chronology — US Department of State. US government historical publication.
• South Yemen: Soviet relationship, 1971 intelligence estimate — US Department of State, FRUS 1969–1976, volume XXIV, document 182. US government historical publication.
• The Berlin Airlift, 1948–1949 — US government historical publication. Historical facts cited; no source artwork or prose reproduced.
• US Army Korean War campaigns — US government historical publication. Historical facts cited; no source artwork or prose reproduced.
• The Cuban Missile Crisis, October 1962 — US government historical publication. Historical facts cited; no source artwork or prose reproduced.
• The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan — US government historical publication. Historical facts cited; no source artwork or prose reproduced.
• Rapprochement with China, 1972 — US government historical publication. Historical facts cited; no source artwork or prose reproduced.
• The rise and fall of the Berlin Wall — US government historical publication. Historical facts cited; no source artwork or prose reproduced.
• Berlin’s four-power status and its termination — US government historical publication. Historical facts cited; no source artwork or prose reproduced.
• Geoportal Berlin: official locality polygons — Geoportal Berlin / ALKIS Berlin Ortsteil. Datenlizenz Deutschland Zero2.0.
• Geoportal Berlin: Berlin Wall,25April1989 — Forum für Geschichte und Gegenwart e.V. / Geoportal Berlin. Datenlizenz Deutschland Zero2.0.
• Berlin State Heritage Office: four sectors1945–1948 — Berlin State Heritage Office: four sectors1945–1948. Historical facts cited; no source artwork or text reproduced.
• Potsdam Protocol: administration and population transfers — Potsdam Protocol: administration and population transfers. Historical facts cited; no source artwork or text reproduced.
• UNHCR: The State of the World’s Refugees2000 — UNHCR: The State of the World’s Refugees2000. Historical facts cited; no source artwork or text reproduced.
• United States Holocaust Memorial Museum: displaced persons — United States Holocaust Memorial Museum: displaced persons. Historical facts cited; no source artwork or text reproduced.
• Polish Institute of National Remembrance: Operation Vistula — Polish Institute of National Remembrance: Operation Vistula. Historical facts cited; no source artwork or text reproduced.
• 1947 Treaty of Peace with Italy, Articles3,11,22 — 1947 Treaty of Peace with Italy, Articles3,11,22. Historical facts cited; no source artwork or text reproduced.
• UNHCR: flight from Indochina — UNHCR: flight from Indochina. Historical facts cited; no source artwork or text reproduced.
• 1954Geneva Agreement on cessation of hostilities in Vietnam — 1954Geneva Agreement on cessation of hostilities in Vietnam. Historical facts cited; no source artwork or text reproduced.
• US Department of State: Indochina refugee crisis1979 — US Department of State: Indochina refugee crisis1979. Historical facts cited; no source artwork or text reproduced.
• Cliopatria v 0.2.1 — dated political boundaries — Cliopatria contributors / Seshat Global History Databank. CC BY4.0.
• United States Holocaust Memorial Museum — German territorial expansion — United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Historical dates consulted; no prose or image copied.
• Yugoslavia (1929–1939) location map — international frontier and Adriatic coast — NordNordWest/Wikipedia. Converted from the published SVG to WGS84; eastern Italian regional territory extracted. Source cites Velhagen & Klasings Großer Volksatlas (1938).. CC BY-SA 3.0 Germany.
• IGM Fiume, 1:25,000, sheet53B II SE — boundary established in1924 — Istituto Geografico Militare, Fiume (printed1946; 1927 survey with1931–1940 updates), reproduced by Istituto regionale per la storia della Resistenza e dell’Età contemporanea nel Friuli Venezia Giulia. Independent reconstruction from graticule coordinates and boundary observations; archive page reserves artwork rights.. Geographical-fact reconstruction; original archive artwork not distributed.
• Treaty of Rome (1924), division of Fiume and west-bank boundary — 1924 agreement interpreted alongside the regional history institute and City of Rijeka’s explanation of the Donja/Gornja Drenova division.. Historical geographic facts; citation only.

Browse the chapters and their source notes · Full layer records and reconstruction methods

• Cliopatria v0.2.1 — dated political boundaries — Cliopatria contributors / Seshat Global History Databank. CC BY4.0.
• US Military Academy — The War in Eastern Europe (1952), maps7 and15 — Department of Military Art and Engineering, United States Military Academy,1952. US federal government work; public domain maps.
• US War Department — Atlas of the World Battle Fronts (1945) — United States War Department, General Staff,1945. US Army official work; public domain.
• US Army Center of Military History — American Military History, The War Against Japan — Office of the Chief of Military History,1969, chapter23. Official US Army text and maps; public domain.
• United States Holocaust Memorial Museum — German territorial expansion — United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Historical dates consulted; no prose or image copied.
• French Ministry of the Armed Forces — La ligne de démarcation — Ministère des Armées. Historical facts consulted; actual polygon imported from Cliopatria.
• Allied governments — zones of occupation and administration of Greater Berlin, 26 July 1945 — Allied governments, 1945 protocol. Historical administrative facts consulted.
• Natural Earth — physical reference geography — Natural Earth. Public domain.
• Natural Earth 10m — provincial study-region reference — Natural Earth 10m — provincial study-region reference. Public domain.
• Contemporary documents on the Battle of Chamdo, 1950 — Contemporary documents on the Battle of Chamdo, 1950. Historical facts consulted; original prose and artwork not republished.
• CIA — Tibet and China, background paper, 1959 — CIA — Tibet and China, background paper, 1959. Historical facts consulted; original prose and artwork not republished.
• CIA geographic report — uprisings near Litang, Batang, Derge and Golok — CIA geographic report — uprisings near Litang, Batang, Derge and Golok. Historical facts consulted; original prose and artwork not republished.
• Government of India — notes exchanged with China, White Paper VIII, 1962 — Government of India — notes exchanged with China, White Paper VIII, 1962. Historical facts consulted; original prose and artwork not republished.
• Barry Naughton — The Third Front: Defence Industrialization in the Chinese Interior, 1988 — Barry Naughton — The Third Front: Defence Industrialization in the Chinese Interior, 1988. Historical facts consulted; original prose and artwork not republished.
• Man Xu — regional scope of Third Front development, thesis figure 4-5 — Man Xu — regional scope of Third Front development, thesis figure 4-5. Historical facts consulted; original prose and artwork not republished.
• United Nations Command — 1951–1953 armistice negotiations — United Nations Command — 1951–1953 armistice negotiations. Historical facts consulted; original prose and artwork not republished.
• US Office of the Historian — Sino-Soviet border clashes, 1969 — US Office of the Historian — Sino-Soviet border clashes, 1969. Historical facts consulted; original prose and artwork not republished.
• USMA — Korean campaign situation, 1950-11-24 — USMA — Korean campaign situation, 1950-11-24. Factual front-line reconstruction; original chart artwork not republished.
• USMA — Korean campaign situation, 1951-11-27 — USMA — Korean campaign situation, 1951-11-27. Factual front-line reconstruction; original chart artwork not republished.
• USdiplomatic records — fallof Canton,Chungking and Kunming,October–December 1949 — USdiplomatic records — fallof Canton,Chungking and Kunming,October–December 1949. Historical facts consulted; original prose/artwork not republished.
• Natural Earth 10m island components; FRUS 1955 evacuation chronology — Natural Earth 10m island components; FRUS 1955 evacuation chronology. Natural Earth public domain; historical facts consulted.