Haiti and Kenya independence quiz: 8 questions

On the estates, deaths exceeded births, and planters bought about 30,000 Africans each year. Most enslaved adults had known freedom in Africa, and many had served as soldiers there. That experience helps explain the strength of the 1791 rising.

The decree reached only a few hundred free men of colour, and Paris cancelled it in September. Reversals of this kind taught every group in the colony that the government would yield to whoever pressed hardest.

Toussaint had been arrested before news arrived that France had restored slavery in Guadeloupe. People who had collaborated became rebels, and Black officers deserted the French. Under Dessalines, the struggle became a war for independence.

French warships backed the ordinance, making recognition the price of a debt. Haiti borrowed to meet the first instalment, creating the “double debt”. France reduced the total to 90 million in 1838; related payments continued until 1947.

From 1919–20, African men over sixteen had to carry the kipande. Its records allowed police and employers to track workers. It became the most hated symbol of colonial rule and a target of Harry Thuku’s protests in 1922.

The plan was implemented while many suspected rebels were in detention. By giving loyalist families secure titles and cash crops, it helped create the landed African class that governed after 1963.

Smaller peoples feared that a centre led by Kikuyu and Luo politicians would take their land. KADU sought to protect them through regions with powers of their own. The 1963 constitution created those regions, but KANU dismantled them by 1965.

Haiti destroyed French power in 1803, yet faced isolation and an indemnity for recognition. In Kenya, the insurgents lost militarily, but independence was negotiated and the colonial state passed intact to the new government.