MAPS OF HISTORY · REFUGEE CRISES · BATTLES AND EVENTS · Hoa exodus via Friendship PassRefugee crises · TURNING POINT · 1978
Hoa exodus via Friendship Pass (1978)
On the Refugee crises map as “Friendship Pass”
Apr–Jul 1978 — In a few months, about 160,000 Hoa cross the land border into China before Beijing closes it. China eventually receives about 250,000 refugees from Vietnam, settling many on state farms in Guangxi and Guangdong.
When Apr–Jul 1978 Type Turning point Chapter Re-education camps and Hoa exodus (chapter 8 of Refugee crises)Atlas Uprooted: Refugees in Europe 1945–1960 and Indochina 1975–1990 TURNING POINT · UPROOTED: REFUGEES IN EUROPE 1945–1960 AND INDOCHINA 1975–1990 These maps are reconstructed from published sources · US Department of State: Indochina refugee crisis1979 · Cliopatria v0.2.1 historical polities · UNHCR: flight from Indochina · Natural Earth v5.1.2 country geography
Source details US Department of State: Indochina refugee crisis1979. Historical facts cited; no source artwork or text reproduced Cliopatria contributors / Seshat Global History Databank. CC BY 4.0 · Selected dated records; documented component selection, unions and shared-edge extraction. UNHCR: flight from Indochina. Historical facts cited; no source artwork or text reproduced Natural Earth contributors. Public domain · Full source components and holes retained; documented historical unions and repairs. Territories and displacement hatching are reconstructed from published source geometry. The hatched areas locate historical regions; ethnicity, displacement and control were not necessarily uniform at every point within them.
The layer records give the full source geometry and date choices. Arrows remain schematic routes, using the lesson’s existing volume categories.
The 1954 Vietnam line uses the nearest published regroupment polygons, from 1956. The Thai-Cambodian overlay is a 12 km study corridor around the actual boundary; markers identify individual camps separately.
Chapter narrative date: 1978.5; each selected source records its own reference interval.
proxy: Natural Earth v5.1.2 geographic reference · reconstruction: 1976–1991
Layer records and reconstruction methods
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