MAPS OF HISTORY · MONGOL EMPIRE · BATTLES AND EVENTS · TabrizMongol Empire · TURNING POINT · 1265
Tabriz (1265)
1265 — The Ilkhans choose the crossroads city of Tabriz as their capital. Within a generation, Chinese astronomers and Italian merchants are found there, and the observatory of Maragha stands nearby. The same dynasty that burned Baghdad becomes a patron of Persian letters.
When 1265 Type Turning point Chapter Division of the Mongol Empire (chapter 9 of Mongol Empire)Atlas The Mongol Empire, 1206–1294 TURNING POINT · THE MONGOL EMPIRE, 1206–1294 These maps are reconstructed from published sources · Reuven Amitai-Preiss — Mongols and Mamluks, chapter 2 · Cliopatria v0.2.1 — historical political boundaries · Asia for Educators — Expansion under Ögödei · Asia for Educators — Collapse of the Empire and Four Sectors · ISEAS Nalanda-Sriwijaya Centre Working Paper 25 — Mongol campaigns · Peter Jackson, Encyclopaedia Iranica — Mongols · The Metropolitan Museum of Art — The Legacy of Genghis Khan · Natural Earth — physical reference geography · Janet Martin — Medieval Russia 980–1584, chronology · Institute of History of Ukraine — Mongol invasion and its consequences
Source details Reuven Amitai-Preiss, Cambridge University Press, 1995. Historical facts consulted; no map or prose copied Cliopatria contributors / Seshat Global History Databank. CC BY 4.0 · Selected dated polygons; documented unions, differences and shared edges for event-specific reconstructions; projected for display. Asia for Educators, Columbia University. Text consulted for historical facts; no map or prose copied Asia for Educators, Columbia University. Text consulted for historical facts; no map or prose copied ISEAS–Yusof Ishak Institute. Historical facts consulted; no map or prose copied Peter Jackson / Encyclopaedia Iranica. Historical facts consulted; thematic geometry independently reconstructed Qamar Adamjee and Stefano Carboni, 2003. Historical facts consulted; no image or prose copied Natural Earth. Public domain Janet Martin, Cambridge University Press. Historical facts consulted; no map or prose copied Encyclopedia of the History of Ukraine, 2019. Historical facts consulted; thematic geometry independently reconstructed The annual source shows the March 1260 Syrian invasion throughout 1260–1271. The September withdrawal is reconstructed using only the Syrian gain in the next Mamluk reference.
The dashed internal divisions use Cliopatria’s earliest separate successor-khanate polygons (1294), restricted to the dated empire extent. Earlier divisions are reconstructed regional references.
Published polity extents are used at the date resolution available in their sources. Hatched affected regions and route arrows are educational reconstructions; the source details distinguish them from imported boundaries.
proxy: 1206 reference extent · proxy: 1294 successor-polity reference · proxy: Goryeo 1227–1259 territorial reference · reconstruction: 1250–1259 territory; post-1253 allegiance · reconstruction: 1250–1271 · reconstruction: 1250–1278 · reconstruction: 1250–1284 · reconstruction: 1258 · reconstruction: 1260–1271 · reconstruction: 1260–1278 · reconstruction: 1260–1284 · reconstruction: 1260–1313 · reconstruction: 1264 · reconstruction: 1264; pre-conquest Tibetan reference 1139–1235 · reconstruction: 1264; regional outlines from pre-conquest 1206 principalities · reconstruction: September 1260; Syrian boundary reference 1272–1278 · vector: 1072–1325 · vector: 1072–1374 · vector: 1111–1278 · vector: 1188–1271 · vector: 1188–1284 · vector: 1188–1304 · vector: 1192–1325 · vector: 1192–1362 · vector: 1202–1374 · vector: 1202–1743 · vector: 1210–1304 · vector: 1220–1313 · vector: 1236–1293 · vector: 1236–1452 · vector: 1241–1271 · vector: 1241–1278 · vector: 1241–1293 · vector: 1241–1313 · vector: 1241–1351 · vector: 1250–1271 · vector: 1250–1278 · vector: 1250–1284 · vector: 1250–1293 · vector: 1260–1271 · vector: 1260–1278 · vector: 1260–1284 · vector: 1260–1293 · vector: 1260–1313 · vector: 1260–1384 · vector: 1260–1394 · vector: 1260–1439 · vector: 1260–1474 · vector: 602–1501 · vector: 936–1271
Layer records and reconstruction methods
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