The Tripartite Pact

27 Sep 1940 — Germany, Italy and Japan sign a mutual-defense pact in Berlin, aimed squarely at keeping America out of both oceans’ wars. The Axis is now a world system.

THE MOMENT IN CONTEXT

Italy’s failed attacks in Greece and North Africa forced Germany to come to the rescue, sending an expeditionary force to the desert and conquering Yugoslavia and Greece in the spring of 1941. Historians still debate how far this Balkan campaign delayed the invasion of the Soviet Union, since an unusually wet spring and the sheer scale of logistics also governed the date. Whatever the cause of the delay, the far larger project was already fixed.

From Chapter 11 — Barbarossa: The Gamble That Ends the Gambles of The Road to War, 1931–1941 (1941).

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TEACH THIS IN 5 MINUTES

Why it happened — The program had always pointed east. Whatever tactical opportunism governed 1936–40, Lebensraum in the East was the fixed star — in Mein Kampf, in the Hossbach conference (Ch. 5), in…
The turn — Berlin, 27 September 1940. The chapter’s pivot is not on the battlefield but at the signing table where the ● stands in Berlin: the Tripartite Pact, by which Germany, Italy…
What it changed — The Holocaust enters its most murderous phase. Behind Barbarossa’s arrows, mass shooting became system: by the end of 1941 the Einsatzgruppen, Order Police and local auxiliaries had murdered on…

Then ask the room: Could Barbarossa have succeeded — and what turns on the answer? The argued answer is on the chapter page →