ON THIS DAY ·
Battle of Hakodate
27 Jun 1869 — At Hakodate, the last shogunal holdouts surrendered their star-shaped fortress. Led by the naval officer Enomoto Takeaki, they had proclaimed the short-lived Republic of Ezo. Enomoto was pardoned and later served the Meiji government as a minister.
WW2 is free in full, and chapter 1 of every atlas is free. A free account opens 3 more chapters a day. Starter, at $9 a month, opens all 21 with no daily limit — see the plans.
Free printable Meiji Japan and post-Soviet Russia study guide, sent by email ↓
The moment in context
The struggle over Japan’s future centered on a court that had little power of its own. After 1860, young activists called shishi, ‘men of high purpose’, invoked the emperor against the shogunate. Most were samurai from Chōshū, Tosa and Satsuma, outer domains whose lords governed almost independently. Like student radicals in later revolutions, they assassinated officials they considered traitors and attacked foreigners they called barbarians. Whoever could direct the court in Kyoto could issue commands in the emperor’s name. Chōshū’s leaders gained influence there and pressed him to order foreigners expelled by 25 June 1863.
From Meiji Restoration and Boshin War, chapter 3 of Remaking the State: Meiji Japan 1600–1912 and Post-Soviet Russia 1964–2000 (1868).
The place: Battle of Hakodate — map and full story →
Teach this in 5 minutes
- Why it happened — The emperor gave the opposition a higher loyalty. The court’s refusal of the 1858 treaty gave opponents grounds to accuse the shogun of defying the emperor. Ideas from the Mito school had urged…
- The turn — Toba–Fushimi, 27–30 January 1868. The palace coup of 3 January had settled control of the court, but its opponents could still reverse it. At Toba–Fushimi, south of Kyoto, the court…
- What it changed — Edo surrendered and was renamed Tokyo. Saigō and Katsu Kaishū’s negotiated handover of Edo Castle in May 1868 spared a city of about a million from siege. It became Tokyo, ‘eastern…
Then ask the room: Was the Meiji Restoration made by ideas, by guns, or by the shogunate’s own mistakes? The argued answer is on the chapter page →
The atlas that shows it
THE FREE PRINTABLE STUDY GUIDE
Get the printable study guide for Remaking the State free. I’ll send you a few short letters, then one when a new atlas opens. That’s all. — Paul
NO TRACKING · YOUR ADDRESS IS USED FOR THE DISPATCH AND NOTHING ELSE · UNSUBSCRIBE ANYTIME