ON THIS DAY ·
Outer Mongolia declares independence
1 Dec 1911 — As the Qing dynasty falls, Outer Mongolia declares independence under the Bogd Khan. From 1921 it becomes a Soviet-protected people’s republic. The Republic will not inherit the whole Qing empire: on the map, its edges break away before the center has even failed.
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The moment in context
In 1911 the Qing empire appears on the map as a single blue expanse. Yet the legal claim to rule that expanse and the power to enforce it were already far apart. Britain had defeated the dynasty twice, and France and Japan had also defeated it. Foreign powers carved out spheres of influence, while customs revenue collected under foreign administration helped pay the Boxer indemnity. Even within Shanghai, foreign councils governed parts of the city (the ● of the International Settlement), and foreign residents there were exempt from Chinese law.
From Xinhai Revolution of 1911, chapter 1 of China in Revolution, 1911–1949 (1911).
The place: Outer Mongolia declares independence — map and full story →
Teach this in 5 minutes
- Why it happened — Defeats that accumulated. Between the Opium War of 1839–42 and the Boxer Protocol of 1901, defeat brought repeated demands for ports, tariff concessions, legal privileges for…
- The turn — Wuchang, 10 October 1911. The bomb exposed the plot at Hankou, but the choices made across the empire turned the Wuchang mutiny into a national crisis. Fifteen provinces left…
- What it changed — A republic needs an army. At Nanjing, Sun Yat-sen's provisional government could give the republic a president, a flag, and a calendar. It lacked an army capable of…
Then ask the room: Was 1911 a revolution, or primarily the collapse of the Qing dynasty? The argued answer is on the chapter page →
The atlas that shows it
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