ON THIS DAY ·
Winter War
30 Nov 1939–13 Mar 1940 — Stalin attacks Finland, a country of four million people. The Soviet Union loses perhaps 130,000 dead. Finland gives up Karelia but keeps its freedom, and Berlin takes note of the Red Army’s weakness.
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The moment in context
The war in the west began with a lesson that different governments would interpret in different ways. The Soviet Union attacked Finland in November 1939 and suffered heavy losses before Finland ceded territory in March. Finland remained independent, while the Red Army’s reputation suffered. Germany then occupied Denmark and Norway, protecting its northern flank and the route by which Swedish iron reached it.
From Phoney War and the fall of France, chapter 9 of The Road to War, 1931–1941 (1940).
The place: Winter War — map and full story →
Teach this in 5 minutes
- Why it happened — A risky attack through the Ardennes. The Allies had prepared to meet a German advance through Belgium under the Dyle-Breda plan; an earlier German plan had envisaged just such an…
- The turn — Compiègne, 22 June 1940. France signed the armistice on 22 June in the Compiègne railway carriage where Germany had accepted the 1918 armistice. The deliberate symbolism…
- What it changed — War spreads in the Mediterranean. Mussolini declared war on 10 June, saying he needed “a few thousand dead for the peace table.” Italy then invaded Egypt from Libya in September and…
Then ask the room: Was France’s fall a military defeat or a national collapse, and why does the distinction matter? The argued answer is on the chapter page →
The atlas that shows it
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