MAPS OF HISTORY · ON THIS DAY · November 11 · 1975
ON THIS DAY · 11 NOVEMBER 1975
Luanda — Angola, and instant war
11 Nov 1975 — As the Portuguese flag comes down, three liberation movements fight for the capital. Cuban troops and South African columns are already inside the country. Freedom and civil war arrive the same day.
THE MOMENT IN CONTEXT
Portugal described its colonies as overseas provinces and fought to keep them from the early 1960s. Cabral’s PAIGC built liberated zones with schools and clinics inside Guinea-Bissau, FRELIMO waged war in Mozambique, and the MPLA, FNLA and UNITA competed inside Angola. Cold War and regional patrons armed these movements, but each conflict also grew out of the particular local form of Portuguese rule and out of rivalries among the movements themselves. The decisive weakness was never really military; it was that a poor dictatorship had no democratic mechanism through which war-weariness could change policy, so the fighting simply continued.
From Chapter 8 — The Portuguese Empire Falls Last of The Decolonization of Africa, 1945–1994 (AUG 1975).
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TEACH THIS IN 5 MINUTES
- Why it happened — Why Lisbon could not let go. Unlike Britain and France, Portugal was Europe’s poorest state and an authoritarian one. Salazar’s regime staked its legitimacy on being a great…
- The turn — Luanda, 11 November 1975 — freedom and civil war on the same day. As Portugal’s flag comes down, three liberation movements are already fighting for the capital, Cuban troops are landing to hold it for the MPLA,…
- What it changed — Five flags in one year. Guinea-Bissau (recognized 1974), then in 1975 Mozambique, Angola, and the island states. The last major European empire on the continent dissolved…
Then ask the room: Why did the Portuguese empire, the weakest of the colonial powers, hold on to its African colonies longest — and why did it then collapse all at once? The argued answer is on the chapter page →
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