25-30 Aug 1914 — Frightened by rumors of francs-tireurs, German troops burn the medieval university city of Louvain and its library of 300,000 books. They shoot 248 civilians. Across the invasion, some 6,500 Belgian and French civilians are killed. Remember them.
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The German arrows through Belgium represent an attempt to solve the problem of France and Russia together. Germany intended to defeat France during the weeks in which Russia was expected to assemble its larger army, then transfer forces east. The route through neutral Belgium made a wide sweep possible, but Belgian forts resisted and German violence against civilians supplied the Allies with a powerful propaganda cause.
Why it happened — The two-front arithmetic. The Franco-Russian alliance of 1894 joined two powers whose combined strength exceeded Germany's. Schlieffen's proposed answer depended on their…
The turn — The Marne, 5–12 September. A gap had opened between the German First and Second Armies. Lieutenant-Colonel Hentsch, sent forward to assess the position and coordinate a…
What it changed — The race to the sea — and the wall. After the Marne both sides tried to turn the other's northern flank, extending the fighting toward the sea. A fortified front came to run from the…
