ON THIS DAY ·
Treaty of Ganghwa
26 Feb 1876 — A Japanese gunboat had provoked a clash off Ganghwa Island in 1875. Japan then sent warships and forced Korea to sign a treaty opening three ports and granting Japanese residents extraterritoriality. Japan itself resented the same privilege in its own treaties.
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The moment in context
In April 1868 the fifteen-year-old emperor swore the Charter Oath, a five-article statement drafted by former samurai. It promised assemblies where “all matters decided by public discussion”, the abandonment of the “base customs of the past”, and a search for knowledge throughout the world. The promise of assemblies was vague enough to reassure the lords. The other articles gave the leaders room to contemplate extensive change.
From Early Meiji reforms (1868–77), chapter 4 of Remaking the State: Meiji Japan 1600–1912 and Post-Soviet Russia 1964–2000 (1877).
The place: Treaty of Ganghwa — map and full story →
Teach this in 5 minutes
- Why it happened — The domains kept the new state weak. The government that emerged in 1868 directly controlled only confiscated shogunal lands and relied on domains for revenue and soldiers. Its leaders…
- The turn — The domains abolished, 29 August 1871. The restoration of 1868 had replaced the rulers at the top while leaving local lordships in place. On 29 August 1871 a decree ended those…
- What it changed — One army, one tax, one school system. Once the domains were gone, the Education Ordinance of 1872 aimed at compulsory primary schooling for boys and girls. Conscription and the land tax…
Then ask the room: Why did Japan’s centralising revolution of 1871–77 cost so much less blood than most revolutions that remove an entire ruling class? The argued answer is on the chapter page →
The atlas that shows it
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