ON THIS DAY ·
Indiana ratifies the ERA
18 Jan 1977 — Indiana ratifies after a phone call from Rosalynn Carter, with a margin of one vote in its Senate. No other state ratifies before the deadline, leaving the amendment three states short of the 38 needed.
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The moment in context
The ERA had been waiting a long time for the reception it received in 1972. Alice Paul of the National Woman’s Party first drafted an amendment in 1923, and both major parties had endorsed it in their platforms for decades. President Nixon, a growing number of trade unions and new women’s organizations now supported it. The Senate approved it by 84 votes to 8.
From Equal Rights Amendment, chapter 5 of Protest and Change: Second-Wave Feminism and Tunisia, 1945–2015 (1982).
The place: Indiana ratifies the ERA — map and full story →
Teach this in 5 minutes
- Why it happened — A supermajority rule. The requirement of 38 ratifications gave opponents a smaller task: hold 13 states, by persuading one chamber in each. Support spread widely across…
- The turn — STOP ERA, autumn 1972. In 1972, 22 states ratified; in 1973, eight did. The number fell to three in 1974, one in 1975, none in 1976 and one in 1977. Nebraska’s attempted…
- What it changed — Equality by other routes. Legal change continued without the amendment. In Reed v. Reed (1971) and Craig v. Boren (1976), the Supreme Court applied stricter review to sex…
Then ask the room: Did the ERA fail because of Phyllis Schlafly, or because of the rules for amending the Constitution? The argued answer is on the chapter page →
The atlas that shows it
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