4 ATLASES

History of Eswatini in maps

Eswatini as it appears in 4 interactive history atlases, from 1910 to 1994: Eswatini. Each era below lists who ruled the land and when control changed, linked to the dated map that shows it.

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Map of the industrial world in 1910, showing Eswatini — MAP OF THE INDUSTRIAL WORLD IN 1910

These maps are reconstructed from published sources · Bain’s railway map of South Africa,1890s, and historical route evidence · Atack: nineteenth-century US canals, March2017 · Atack: historical US railroads1826–1911, revised2023 · Bartholomew: Literary & Historical Atlas of America,1911 · Bartholomew: Literary and Historical Atlas of Asia,1912 · Cliopatria v 0.2.1 · Royal Museum for Central Africa: Matadi–Léopoldville opening1898 · Dakar–SaintLouis railway: historical construction record · Imperial Gazetteer of India,Atlas1909: railways · Nazrin Shah: tin’s shift from Larut to Kinta1850–1900 · Natural Earth physical geography · South African History Online: Witwatersrand goldfield · Maps of History: industrial geography reconstruction record · Uganda Railways Corporation: original railway history · UNESCO: Sites of Japan’s Meiji Industrial Revolution · UNESCO: Humberstone and Santa Laura saltpeter works · UNESCO: Tomioka Silk Mill and related sites

Source details

University of Minnesota historical map; southern routes. Northern routes use the existing independently authored named-place reconstruction; detailed period vectors were unavailable.. Historical map geographic facts; original scan not republished
Jeremy Atack, Vanderbilt University. Shapefile metadata explicitly grants free use; source segment dates and identities retained.. Author metadata grants free use by anyone with source acknowledgement
Jeremy Atack, Vanderbilt University. Shapefile metadata explicitly grants free use; source segment dates and identities retained.. Author metadata grants free use by anyone with source acknowledgement
John George Bartholomew,1911; economic maps and named transport routes. Original cartographer died1920; independent geographic reconstruction.. Public-domain original historical cartography; geographic facts independently reconstructed
John George Bartholomew,1912; economic mapspp40–41,72–73, products54–55; regional railway maps and route gazetteer. Original author died1920. Only geographic facts independently reconstructed; ebook text/brand not republished.. Public-domain original historical cartography; geographic facts independently reconstructed
Cliopatria contributors / Seshat Global History Databank. Selected, combined, reprojected and corrected by Maps of History as described per layer.. CC BY4.0
Museum photographic primary record of the July1898 railway inauguration. Named route reconstructed through the historical Thysville sector; no photograph or artwork copied.. Historical geographic evidence; independent route reconstruction
Document-based chronology: Dakar–Rufisque opened1883; completed to SaintLouis1885. Named route geography independently reconstructed through Thiès.. Historical geographic evidence; independent route reconstruction
Digital South Asia Library, University of Chicago; maps22–25 and provincial maps. Later plates locate routes, not early opening dates.. Public-domain historical government atlas; geographic facts independently reconstructed
Historical research confirms Larut and Kinta district locations and period; contemporary atlas supplies the geographic setting.. Historical geographic facts used for independent reconstruction; no source artwork copied
Made with Natural Earth; present coastlines support physical clipping, not historical political boundaries.. Public domain
Named MainReef mining corridor Randfontein–Springs/Nigel; independent regional geography, not mine-lease boundaries.. Historical geographic facts used for independent reconstruction; no source artwork copied
Named districts and route stations from the linked published atlases. District perimeters are interpretive economic regions, not sovereign borders or parcel-level industrial land use.. Original independent thematic reconstructions; source artwork not embedded
Railway operator historical record: Mombasa1896 to Kisumu1901. Independent named-station route reconstruction.. Historical geographic facts used for independent reconstruction; no source artwork copied
UNESCO World Heritage Centre; named industrial locations and period evidence. The atlas district is not a copy of the modern UNESCO property boundary.. Factual geographic evidence; property artwork not redistributed
UNESCO World Heritage Centre; named industrial locations and period evidence. The atlas district is not a copy of the modern UNESCO property boundary.. Factual geographic evidence; property artwork not redistributed
UNESCO World Heritage Centre; named industrial locations and period evidence. The atlas district is not a copy of the modern UNESCO property boundary.. Factual geographic evidence; property artwork not redistributed

Country fills apply the existing educational industrialisation stages to dated published polities. They do not imply that development was uniform throughout each empire. Economic districts represent thematic regions. Source dates and reconstruction methods are recorded separately.

reconstruction: 1861.3 · reconstruction: 1869.9 · reconstruction: 1890 · reconstruction: 1910.7 · reconstruction: Named district within chapter chronology · vector: 1815–1937 · vector: 1840–1978 · vector: 1842–1912 · vector: 1848–1935 · vector: 1861 · vector: 1864–1921 · vector: 1865–1914 · vector: 1865–1915 · vector: 1866–2023 · vector: 1869 · vector: 1871–1914 · vector: 1873–1913 · vector: 1877–1935 · vector: 1877–2023 · vector: 1885–1910 · vector: 1885–1911 · vector: 1885–1925 · vector: 1890 · vector: 1890–1910 · vector: 1890–1911 · vector: 1890–1914 · vector: 1890–2023 · vector: 1895–1910 · vector: 1895–1917 · vector: 1895–1941 · vector: 1895–1978 · vector: 1898–1914 · vector: 1898–2023 · vector: 1900–1910 · vector: 1900–1911 · vector: 1900–1912 · vector: 1900–1986 · vector: 1905–1910 · vector: 1905–1911 · vector: 1905–1912 · vector: 1905–1914 · vector: 1905–1915 · vector: 1905–1921 · vector: 1905–1923 · vector: 1905–1925 · vector: 1905–1927 · vector: 1905–1928 · vector: 1905–1942 · vector: 1905–1949 · vector: 1905–1999 · vector: 1908–1910 · vector: 1908–1911 · vector: 1908–1913 · vector: 1908–1916 · vector: 1908–1931 · vector: 1908–1935 · vector: 1910 · vector: Erie Canal completed1825 / source2017

Layer records and reconstruction methods

What was Eswatini before it was Eswatini? The sections below follow this land through every era covered by the Maps of History atlases: who ruled it, what it was called, and when control changed. Each line links to the dated map. Modern borders serve as an approximation, as each atlas says on the map itself.