MAPS OF HISTORY · NORSE AND AZTECS · BATTLES AND EVENTS · L’Anse aux MeadowsNorse and Aztecs · TURNING POINT · 1021
L’Anse aux Meadows (1021)
1021 — At the tip of Newfoundland, Norse travellers cut wood with metal tools in 1021. A cosmic-ray signal in the tree rings fixes the year. Discovered in 1960, the site has eight buildings that housed perhaps 70–90 people for a few years. It remains the only confirmed Norse site in the Americas.
When 1021 Type Turning point Chapter Vikings in Greenland and Vinland (chapter 4 of Norse and Aztecs)Atlas Climate and Innovation: The Norse and the Aztecs, c. 790–1521 TURNING POINT · CLIMATE AND INNOVATION: THE NORSE AND THE AZTECS, C. 790–1521 These maps are reconstructed from published sources · Natural Earth administrative references · Greenland National Museum: Anavik archaeological survey, p.11 · Norse Eastern Settlement: named farm distribution · GeoNames geographic controls · Ogilvie et al.2009: seals and sea ice in Norse Greenland · UNESCO: Kujataa archaeological landscape · Natural Earth v5.1.2 full geographic reference · Ljungqvist 2005: Norðrsetur and Disko Bay hunting · Hollesen et al.2016: Sandnes site coordinates · Sámi Parliament: the Sápmi homeland · Friesen and Arnold 2008: timing of the Thule migration · Parks Canada: L’Anse aux Meadows and the Vinland sagas · Norse Western Settlement: farm distribution
Source details Natural Earth contributors. Public domain Greenland National Museum: Anavik archaeological survey, p.11. Historical facts cited; no source artwork or prose reproduced Masae, based on Arneborg, Gulløv and Guðmundsson. CC BY-SA 3.0 GeoNames contributors. CC BY 4.0 Ogilvie et al.2009: seals and sea ice in Norse Greenland. Historical facts cited; no source artwork or prose reproduced UNESCO: Kujataa archaeological landscape. Historical facts cited; no source artwork or prose reproduced Natural Earth contributors. Public domain Ljungqvist 2005: Norðrsetur and Disko Bay hunting. Historical facts cited; no source artwork or prose reproduced Jørgen Hollesen and coauthors. CC BY 4.0 Sámi Parliament: the Sápmi homeland. Historical facts cited; no source artwork or prose reproduced Friesen and Arnold 2008: timing of the Thule migration. Historical facts cited; no source artwork or prose reproduced Parks Canada: L’Anse aux Meadows and the Vinland sagas. Historical facts cited; no source artwork or prose reproduced Masae, based on Arneborg, Gulløv and Guðmundsson. CC BY-SA 3.0 These maps are reconstructed from published sources. The layer record provides the source geometry, registration controls, reference dates and derivatives.
This map concerns settlement, voyages and the environment. Its geographic study regions are not all medieval state borders. Modern continental borders are dissolved, while the dated Danelaw and Normandy sources retain their historical meaning.
Greenland settlement references come from published farm distributions. The ice bands, coastal migration bands and voyage ranges are explanatory regions rather than measured medieval boundaries. The erroneous Cliopatria eastern Greenland placement was rejected.
Chapter date: 1021. The actual source/reference date is recorded separately for each layer.
proxy: Later Dublin county-area reference · proxy: Published geographic reference; not a medieval administrative survey · reconstruction: Norse settlement distribution, c.985–1450 · reconstruction: Source-described ice exposure; explanatory band · reconstruction: Traditional Sápmi regional reference
Layer records and reconstruction methods
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