4 Nov 1839 — Several thousand Chartists come down from the valleys and march on the Westgate Hotel. Soldiers inside fire on them, killing about 22. The leaders are sentenced to death, though their sentences are commuted to transportation. Remember them.
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4 NOVEMBER 1839 · THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION, 1750–1914
The moment in context
A stocking knitter in the Midlands rented the frame on which he worked at home. Pay per stocking was falling, and wide frames produced cheap, poorly finished goods. From Arnold on 11 March 1811, knitters broke the frames of employers who paid low rates while sparing those who paid fairly. Their choice of target carried a demand about the terms of work.
Why it happened — Machines threatened skilled trades. A cropper had served a seven-year apprenticeship to finish woolen cloth by hand; a weaver might have earned a craftsman's wage. Shearing frames…
The turn — Peterloo, 16 August 1819. The crowd at St Peter's Field in Manchester came peacefully to demand the vote. Perhaps 60,000 attended, many marching in disciplined ranks behind…
What it changed — Reform reaches the middle classes first. In 1832 the Reform Act gave Manchester, Birmingham and Leeds their own MPs and enfranchised many middle-class men. Industrial wealth gained…
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