ON THIS DAY ·
Incorporation of Xinjiang into the PRC
25 Sep 1949 / 1 Oct 1955 — Xinjiang’s Nationalist garrison gives up without a fight, and Wang Zhen’s army arrives that autumn. Demobilized soldiers form the Production and Construction Corps in 1954. This farming army settles Han migrants in a region where Han Chinese were about 6 percent of the population. In 1955 Xinjiang becomes the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region.
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The moment in context
The Qing empire had governed Han Chinese alongside Mongols, Tibetans, Uyghurs and other peoples until 1912. Its successor, the Republic of China, lost control of Outer Mongolia, Tibet and much of Xinjiang. The Communists claimed the old imperial borders for the new People’s Republic. That ambition left a question: how would a state presenting itself as a nation govern peoples whose histories were bound to those borders in different ways?
From Tibet and Xinjiang under Mao, chapter 3 of The People’s Republic under Mao, 1949–1976 (1956).
The place: Incorporation of Xinjiang into the PRC — map and full story →
Teach this in 5 minutes
- Why it happened — The Qing borders as a national claim. Nationalists and Communists both claimed the Qing empire’s borders at their height as China’s rightful borders. On that view, Tibetan…
- The turn — Lithang, February–March 1956. Lithang showed how difficult it was to confine the effects of reform to one side of a provincial line. In February–March 1956 the army besieged and…
- What it changed — Tibet transformed after 1959. Beijing used the rising to end the 1951 settlement. It dissolved the old government, undertook land reform in Tibet in 1959–61, closed most…
Then ask the room: Was the People’s Republic of the 1950s a nation-state or an empire on its frontiers? The argued answer is on the chapter page →
The atlas that shows it
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