ON THIS DAY ·
Third Battle of Seoul
4 Jan 1951 — Peng Dehuai’s third offensive retakes Seoul. It marks the high-water point of the Chinese intervention: long supply lines and American firepower stop the next push. Seoul changes hands for the fourth time in March, and by mid-1951 the front settles near the 38th parallel, where the war began.
WW2 is free in full, and chapter 1 of every atlas is free. A free account opens 3 more chapters a day. Starter, at $9 a month, opens all 21 with no daily limit — see the plans.
The moment in context
The Korean War began with a northern invasion, but by autumn 1950 the forces approaching China were American-led. The UN landing at Incheon in September reversed the course of the fighting. UN troops crossed the 38th parallel and advanced toward the Yalu, the river separating Korea from Manchuria, China’s industrial northeast. Premier and foreign minister Zhou Enlai warned through the Indian ambassador that China would act; Washington dismissed the warning as bluff. Mao judged the danger of remaining outside the war greater than the danger of entering it.
From Korean War and Mao’s mass campaigns, chapter 2 of The People’s Republic under Mao, 1949–1976 (1953).
The place: Third Battle of Seoul — map and full story →
Teach this in 5 minutes
- Why it happened — Kim Il-sung’s war and Stalin’s consent. Kim Il-sung secured Stalin’s approval in April 1950 and Mao’s acceptance during a visit to Beijing in May. North Korea invaded the South on 25 June.…
- The turn — The Yalu, 19 October 1950. The Double Tenth directive preceded the Yalu crossing by nine days. Together they show how quickly consolidation gave way to an enduring emergency.…
- What it changed — A general with the prestige to object. Peng Dehuai emerged from Korea as China’s most respected soldier, credited with holding off the Americans with a peasant army. That standing helped…
Then ask the room: Did the Korean War strengthen or weaken Mao’s new state? The argued answer is on the chapter page →
The atlas that shows it
THE FREE PRINTABLE STUDY GUIDE
Get the printable study guide for The People’s Republic under Mao free. I’ll send you a few short letters, then one when a new atlas opens. That’s all. — Paul
NO TRACKING · YOUR ADDRESS IS USED FOR THE DISPATCH AND NOTHING ELSE · UNSUBSCRIBE ANYTIME